Chapter 7 Flashcards
Perception in terms of the information processing model
- Perception is a mental and cognitive process that enables us to interpret and understand our surroundings.
- Social perception, also known as social cognition and social information processing, is a four-stage process-
- the four stages are
1. selective attention/comprehension
2. encoding and simplification
3. storage retention
4. retrieval and response. - During social cognition, salient stimuli are matched with schemata, assigned to cognitive categories, and stored in long-term memory for events, semantic materials, or people.
Implicit cognition
Any thought or belief that is automatically activated without conscious awareness
Micro aggressions
Biased thoughts, attitudes, and feelings that exist at an unconscious level
What is the Pygmalion effect?
- Self-fulfilling prophecy
- Someone’s high expectations for another person result in high performance
Galatea effect
An individual’s high self-expectations lead to high performance
Golem effect
Loss in performance due to low leader expectations
Internal factors vs. external factors
- Personal characteristics that cause behaviour
- environmental characteristics that cause behaviour
Self-serving bias
- Taking more personal responsibility for success than for failure
- Personalising the causes of one’s success and externalising the causes of one’s failures
What is social information processing?
- Has to do with perception: enables us to interpret and understand our surroundings
- Also known as social perception (how we perceive one another)
- Four-stage process
1. selective attention/comprehension
2. encoding and simplification
3. storage and retention
4. retrieval and response
What is social information processing?
- Social perception
- Four-stage process
1. selective attention/comprehension
2. encoding and simplification
3. storage and retention
4. retrieval and response
What are managerial implications of social perceptions?
- Social perception affects hiring decisions, performance appraisals, leadership perceptions, communication, etc.
- Inaccurate schemata or racist and sexist schemata may be used to evaluate job applicants.
- managers are advised to use objective rather than subjective measures of performance.
- It is very important to treat employees fairly, as perceptions of unfairness are associated with counterproductive work behaviours.
What is the process of stereotype formation?
- categorising people in groups according to various criteria
- infer that all people within a particular group possess the same traits or characteristics
- form expectations of others and interpret their behaviour according to our stereotypes
How are stereotypes maintained?
- Overestimating the frequency of stereotypical behaviours exhibited by others
- Incorrectly explaining expected and unexpected behaviours
- differentiating minority individuals from oneself
How does the model of self-fulfilling profecy work?
- High managerial expectations foster high employee self-expectations
- these expectations lead to greater effort and better performance and yet higher expectations
How are internal and external attributions formulated according to Kelley’s model?
Attribution theory attempts to describe how people conclude causes for observed behaviour
- External attribution (environmental): tend to be made when consensus and distinctiveness are high, and consistency is low
- Internal attribution (personal factors): tend to be made when consensus and distinctiveness are low, and consistency is high.
