Chapter 7

Question 1

Autotrophs

Answer 1

Use inorganic molecules for both carbon and energy

Question 2

Heterotrophs

Answer 2

Use organic molecules as a source for both carbon and energy

Question 3

Photoautoptrops energy and carbon sources

Answer 3

1. Sunlight

2. CO2

Question 4

Chemoautotrophs energy and carbon sources

Answer 4

1. Inorganic molecules

2. CO2

Question 5

Heterotrophs energy and carbon sources

Answer 5

1. Organic molecules

2. Organic molecules

Question 6

Prokaryote attributes

Answer 6

1. Herotrophic
2. Photosynthetic
3. Chemosynthetic

Question 7

Protist attributes

Answer 7

1. Heterotrophic

2. Photosynthetic

Question 8

Plants attributes

Answer 8

1. (Very few) hertotrophic

2. Photsynthetic

Question 9

Fungi attributes

Answer 9

1.heterotrophic

Question 10

Animal atributes

Answer 10

1. Heterotrophic

2. (photosynthetic: exception of sea slugs)

Question 11

Proton flux density

Answer 11

Number of protons striking a square meter surface every second

Question 12

Photoautotrophs can only us _____ becuse _____.

Answer 12

• visible light source

- lower wavelengths dont carry enough energy and higher are damaging to the cell

Question 13

Chemoautotrophs get energy by:

Answer 13

Oxidizing elemental sulfur, thiosulfate, ammonia, nitrate, iron, hydrogen gas, and carbon monoxide

Question 14

4 classes of heterotrophs

Answer 14

1. Herbivors
2. Omnivores
3. Carnivores
4. Detritivores

Question 15

Tropical level

Answer 15

A step int he stressed of food/energy within a food chain

Question 16

Food chain

Answer 16

A sequence of species displaying energy flow/feeding relationships in which the arrow points in the direction energy is being transferred and gets thinner to show less and less energy is transferred at each trophic level

Question 17

Foodwebs

Answer 17

-more accurate and show more feeding relationships

Question 18

6 elements essential for all living organisms on our planet are :

Answer 18

1. Carbon
2. Hydrogen
3. Nitrogen
4. Oxygen
5. Phosphorus
6. Sulfur
   (CHNOPS)

Question 19

Challenges for autotrophs

Answer 19

1. Acquiring energy
   Ex. Need to have stomata open o take in CO2 but loose water this way
2. Aquiring nutrients and water
   -need well developed root systems
   -plants usually need mutualism with miccorihizal fungi

Question 20

Challenges for herbivors

Answer 20

1.often have a hard time getting nitrogen since plants are low in nitrogen becuse they have a high C: N ratio meaning low nutritional value
2. Not all parts of the plants are nutritional
3. Have to overcome physical and chemical plant defenses
Ex’s: thorns, toxins
3. Cellulose is hard to break down becuse it has a lot of bonds to break
4. Ligand becomes a problem becuse lots of herbivors have symbiotic with bacteria and this is an extremely hard molecule to break down

Question 21

Challenges for detritivors

Answer 21

1. Even more challenges obtaining nitrogen since dead leaves have half and much energy than a live leave

Question 22

Challlanges for carnivores

Answer 22

1. Must balance energy gain and energy loss since catching pray comes at higher energy costs
2. Anatomical defenses
   Ex. Skunk spraying, stinger
3. Chemical defenses
   Ex. Apotoxic coloration and mimicry
4. Animal behaivor
   ex’s: Fighting behaivor, hearding, and hiding
   5.the principle of allocation
   Ex. Must balance energy use with avoiding predators, foraging, fighting disease, and reproduction

Question 23

Apotoxic coloration

Answer 23

A certain coloration indicating poison to a predator

Question 24

Mimicry

Answer 24

When a non toxic organism mimics the coloration of an apotoxic organism

Question 25

The principle of allocation

Answer 25

If an organism uses energy for one function, it has less energy to use for other functions

Question 26

Size selective predation

Answer 26

Carnivores will feed on the organisms size that is optimal for balancing energy loss and energy gain

Question 27

Optimal foraging theory

Answer 27

1. Assumes every is limited by availability and rate of energy intake
2. carnivors must balance the amount of energy they put into catching prey with the amount fo energy they will get from eating the prey

Question 28

3 types of theoretical response curves for optimal foraging theory

Answer 28

1. TYPE ONE
2. Type 2
3. Type 3

-all level off at a medium to high prey density

Question 29

Type 1

Answer 29

Prey density and food intake increase linearly until some max point from which food intake levels off at that prey density

Question 30

Type 2

Answer 30

Prey density and food intake increases logarithmically until some max point from which food intake levels off at that prey density

-most common in nature

Question 31

Type 3

Answer 31

Prey density and food intake increases exponentially and then starts to level off and then at some max point food intake levels off at some prey density