Chapter 7 📊 Flashcards

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1
Q
Which of the following are non ionising radiation?
Beta 
Ultrasound 
Infrared 
Light
Gamma rays 
X-rays
A

Light
Ultrasound
Infrared

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2
Q

What is someone who works with x rays called?

A

Radiographer

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3
Q

What radiation is used in an endoscope?

A

Light

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4
Q

How does light travel through an endoscope?

A

Total internal reflection

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5
Q

What radiation do CAT scans use?

A

Xrays

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6
Q

Ionising radiation is used to…

A

Treat cancer

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7
Q

Uses of ultrasound

A

Scan babies
Detect lumps
Break up kidney stones

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8
Q

What is released when fission takes place?

A

2 or 3 neutrons and energy

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9
Q

What radiation is produced when nuclear fission takes place?

A

Gamma radiation

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10
Q

What are the two smaller nuclei formed when fission occurs called?

A

Fission fragments

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11
Q

What are the most common substances used in fission reactors?

A

Uranium-235 and plutonium-239

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12
Q

What is gamma radiation?

A

High energy electromagnetic radiation

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13
Q

What is the charge of gamma radiation?

A

0

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14
Q

Mass of gamma radiation

A

0

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15
Q

Ionising power of gamma radiation

A

Very weakly ionising

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16
Q

What does it take to stop gamma rays?

A

A few centimetres of lead or several metres of concrete

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17
Q

What is a beta particle?

A

A high energy electron

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18
Q

Charge of beta particle

A

-1

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19
Q

Mass of a beta particle

A

Very small (1/1860)

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20
Q

Ionising power of beta particle?

A

Weakly ionising

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21
Q

How to stop beta radiation?

A

Few mm of aluminium

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22
Q

What is an alpha particle?

A

2 neutrons and 2 protons

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23
Q

Charge of alpha particle?

A

+2

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24
Q

Mass of an alpha particle?

A

4

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25
Q

Ionising power of alpha particle?

A

Strongly ionising

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26
Q

How to stop alpha radiation?

A

Few cm of air

27
Q

Why do substances emit radiation?

A

The unstable nuclei become stable by doing so

28
Q

What did Ernest Rutherford discover?

A

Alpha and beta radiation is made from different types of particles

29
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

Number of protons or electrons

30
Q

What is the mass number?

A

Mass of nucleus

31
Q

Mass of a proton

A

1

32
Q

Mass of a neutron

A

1

33
Q

Mass of an electron

A

Very small (1/2000)

34
Q

What is an alpha particle the same as?

A

A helium nucleus

35
Q

What happens when a nucleus emits alpha particle?

A

Atomic number -2

Mass number -4

36
Q

What happens when a nucleus emits a beta particle?

A

Atomic number +1

Mass number unchanged

37
Q

What is ionisation?

A

When an atom loses electrons because it has been exposed to radiation

38
Q

What is the activity of a radioactive source?

A

The number of unstable atoms in that source per second

39
Q

What is the half life?

A

The time taken for the number of atoms to halve

40
Q

Which type of radiation is used to destroy cancer cells?

A

Gamma

41
Q

Which radiation is used in smoke alarms?

A

Alpha

42
Q

Which radiation is used to measure thickness of foil?

A

Beta

43
Q

What happens in fission?

A

The nucleus of a substance is struck by a neutron, causing the nucleus to halve and release neutrons

44
Q

Example of a chain reaction

A

Nuclear fission

45
Q

What is used in fission reactors?

A

Plutonium-239 and uranium-235

46
Q

Why is there water in a reactor?

A

So the neutrons collide with the water atoms and slow down

47
Q

What do control rods do?

A

Absorb neutrons to keep chain reaction under control

48
Q

What is nuclear fusion?

A

When two smaller nuclei form one larger one

49
Q

What is radon gas?

A

An isotope that emits alpha particles

50
Q

Why is nuclear waste a problem?

A

Stays in environment for long time

51
Q

What did Ernest Rutherford discover?

A

The nucleus

52
Q

What makes a substance radioactive

A

An unstable nucleus

53
Q

What is important to remember about radioactive decay

A

It is random and unpredictable

54
Q

What was the plum pudding model of the atom

A

A cloud of positive charge with negative electrons sprinkled around

55
Q

What did Rutherford use alpha particles for

A

Probe inside atoms

56
Q

What happens when a substance is irradiated

A

It has been exposed to ionising radiation

57
Q

What is radioactive contamination

A

The unwanted presence of materials containing radioactive atoms on other materials

58
Q

What is the count rate of a sample

A

The number of counts per second

59
Q

How are gamma rays used as tracers?

A

Person swallows some of the radioactive substance containing gamma rays
If the kidney is clear, the count should go up and down as water flows out of the kidney
If the kidney is blocked it stays high as the body can’t get rid of it

60
Q

Why is iodine used as a tracer

A

It has a short half life

61
Q

Why is gamma radiation used to treat cancer

A

It can penetrate further into the body

62
Q

Why can fusion only take place when the nuclei are moving fast

A

They must overcome the electrostatic forces of repulsion

63
Q

Why is fusion not currently being used for energy

A

It needs such high temperatures and pressures