chapter 7

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

consists of many different systems each one containing some type of memory function

Question 2

the cognitive revolution

Answer 2

the study of internal mental processes became an acceptable target for research
all the knowledge and scientific learning of memory is about 50 years old

Question 3

multi-score model of memory

Answer 3

proposed by Atkinson-Shiffrin

suggested to thinkas memory as different stores that keep a record of our life events

Question 4

what are stores of memory

Answer 4

1. sensory memory (eyes, ears)
2. short term memory (STM)
3. Long-term Memory (LTM)

Question 5

Attention

Answer 5

like shining a light on information and selects a portion of sensory memory for further processing.
information that is put from our sensory memory to STM is put there by attention

Question 6

encoding

Answer 6

the control process to get memory from STM-LTM

Question 7

retrieval

Answer 7

the control process to get memory from LTM-STM

Question 8

iconic memory

Answer 8

visual sensory store (duration is no more than one second)

Question 9

whole report condition

Answer 9

flashing a grid of 12 letters then you can ask the people to say or write down the letters that they saw, but information is only supposed to last less than 1 second in sensory memory. by the time the person was to write down a couple of the letters the rest would vanish from their memory.
people were only capable of reporting back 3-4 letters out of 12

Question 10

partial report condition

Answer 10

George sterling developed this procedure.

• participants also watched a computer screen with 12 letters for a brief period of time. after the flash of letters they either heard a high, medium, or low tone. the tone determined which line of letters were required to report.
• in this condition people an report back 3-4 letters out of the 4 in the row.

Question 11

Short term memory = working memory

Answer 11

-people hold information in STM using rehearsal, which is repeating information over and over again.
information can be held for 15 to 30 seconds

Question 12

what are the 3 storage units in working memory

Answer 12

1. phonological loop: keeping sound based information active with rehearsal.
2. visuospatial sketchpad: representing visual information and where objects are in space
3. episodic buffer: representing combined auditory, visuospatial information and knowledge from LTM store.

Question 13

feature binding

Answer 13

represents objects as a whole instead of a collection of features.

Question 14

the word-length effect

Answer 14

we are more likely to remember a list of words if they are short, one syllable words instead of being longer multi-syllable words

Question 15

changed blindness

Answer 15

when there is a slight change in the visual stimulus and the observer doesn’t notice it.

Question 16

George Miller

Answer 16

studied the capacity of Short term store and determined it could hold 7 +/- bits of information.

Question 17

chunking

Answer 17

the letter sadlfsdklfjsj would be impossible for people to report back in order.

Question 18

Long Term Memory (LTM)

Answer 18

consisting of organized and structured representations of information.

Question 19

serial position effect

Answer 19

the effect of remembering the first and last items better than the items in the middle provides excellent support on the Atkinson-Shiffrin model

Question 20

primary effect

Answer 20

the remembrance of the first few items.

these items from LTM because they have more time to encode than the items that come after

Question 21

regency effect

Answer 21

• remembrance of the last few items.

- these items can go into STM

Question 22

proactive interferences

Answer 22

information presented first interferes with memory for items that come after.
- not remembering if you have taken your prescription today

Question 23

retroactive interferences

Answer 23

information presented later interferes with items that occurred before.
-when you cant remember what life was like when you were 10 years old most of the problem is interferences with all the experiences you have had since you were 10 getting in the way

Question 24

echoic memory

Answer 24

auditory sensory store (duration is no more than 5 seconds max)

Question 25

declarative memory (LTM)

Answer 25

memories that involve our conscious minds and that we can describe verbally

Question 26

types of declarative memory

Answer 26

a(episodic memory: memory for specific autographical events in ones life. ex: the last time you went to the movies b) semantic memory: general knowledge about the world that does not involve accessing the details of any particular life experience. ex: telling the difference between an elf and a lepracon

Question 27

non-declarative memory (LTM)

Answer 27

memory for previously learned skills and associations that guide our thoughts, feelings and actions automatically and unconsciously. ex: driving a car

Question 28

types of non-declarative memory

Answer 28

a) procedural memory: knowledge about how to perform actions ex: dance routine b) classicaly conditioned responses

Question 29

priming

Answer 29

a method for measuring the influence of non declarative memory. involves an unconscious influence of an experiences on our subsequent thoughts and behaviors

Question 30

Donald Hebb

Answer 30

famous neuroscientist, Canadian. he thought that experiences strengthen the connections between neurons. "cells that fire together, wire together"

Question 31

Long-Term Potentiation

Answer 31

when neurons across the brain fire at the same time the bonds between them become stronger.

Question 32

consolidation

Answer 32

gradually converting STM into LTM

Question 33

H.M

Answer 33

had brain surgery as treatment for developing epileptic seizures at 27 years old. the surgery got rid of the seizures but ended up getting amnesia. H.M was unable to change his experiences into LTM

Question 34

amnesia

Answer 34

the condition that involves the loss of at least one form of memory

Question 35

retrograde amnesia

Answer 35

impairment in remembering experiences that occurred for some period of time before the brain trauma or surgery inability to remember what was already known at the onest of amnesia

Question 36

forgetting vs. remembering

Answer 36

depends on factors present at encoding and retrieval sensory information - encoding - storage - retrieval

Question 37

rote learning

Answer 37

merely repeating information over and over again with the goal of remembering it for the long term. ex: actors remembering their scripts

Question 38

Craik & Watkins study

Answer 38

participants had to remember a 4-digit number. there was a delay, and after the delay they were asked to tell them the 4 digit number. during the delay they would tell the participants a number of words to distract them from the 4 digit number. in a surprise memory test the participants were asked to write as many words as they could remember. the participants didn't do so good on remembering the words that they repeated for either 2 seconds or 18 seconds

Question 39

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 39

mindless repetition and rote learning supports keeping information active in working memory but is a poor way of achieving long-term remembering adding meaning to the memory

Question 40

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 40

involves remembering the meaning of the term that you want to remember. ex: define neuron.

Question 41

shallow processing

Answer 41

thinking about the appearance of the word | ex: is BUTTON in lower or uppercase

Question 42

intermediate processing

Answer 42

thinking about what the word sounds like | ex: does FOREST rhythm with FLORIST

Question 43

deep processing

Answer 43

thinking about the meaning of the word. | ex: is ANTLER related to DEER

Question 44

survival processing

Answer 44

thinking about information in a way relates to personal survival

Question 45

modes of memory retrieval

Answer 45

recognition: identifying something such as an object event or person as a thing that we have encountered or experienced before. recall: requires bringing to mind details about a prior experience

Question 46

retrieval cues

Answer 46

thinking about matches might cue a memory for almost starting a fire cues are hints

Question 47

encoding specificity principle

Answer 47

successful remembering depends on the degree of match between the current situation and the event that we are trying to remember.

Question 48

context dependant memory

Answer 48

remembering a previous day at the zoo will be easier if you are at the zoo, than if you are not

Question 49

state-dependant learning

Answer 49

remembering will be more successful when a person's internal state at the time of encoding matches their internal state at the time of retrieval. his can be an explanation on why we cant remember what happened at a party until having a few drinks again

Question 50

mood-dependant learning

Answer 50

remembering will be more successful when a person's mood (happy or sad) at the time of encoding matches their mood at the time of retrieval

Question 51

the role of emotion in remembering

Answer 51

experiences that are emotional can be more memorable because they motivate more elaborative rehearsal

Question 52

Neilson and colleagues study

Answer 52

2005 after studying a list of words a group of participants were shown pictures of an oral surgery and another group was shown photos of depicting on how to brush ones teeth. the oral surgery group remembered their list of words

Question 53

weapon focus

Answer 53

impairs the witness to identify the shooter because they are more focused on the life threatening weapon that is in front of them

Question 54

flashbulb memories

Answer 54

events that we experience as so emotional and shocking that we will never forget any detail no matter how much time passes mental photograph and stored it in memory

Question 55

forgetting

Answer 55

everyone achieves on a daily basis

Question 56

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Answer 56

psychologist studied learning processes in the 1880s he studied his own ability to remember materials. he created a list of nonsense syllables, they had the ability to be pronounced but had not meaning. forgetting curve

Question 57

mnemonics

Answer 57

methods for making information memorable

Question 58

Loci

Answer 58

you are best to remember places you are familiar with so if you link something you need to remember to a place you know very well you are more likely toremember it

Question 59

acronyms

Answer 59

remembering lists, each letter represents the beginning letter of a word

Question 60

guided imagery

Answer 60

kind of like hypnosis help individuals remember an event earlier in their life by having them imagine what that type of event might have been like. this has created many false memories

Question 61

imagination inflation

Answer 61

the more a person imagines what an event will be like, the more likely they will be to become convinced that the imagined event happened to them

Question 62

schemas

Answer 62

general knowledge in memory about what features are typical for certain types of situations

Question 63

Elizabeth loftus

Answer 63

has proved that we are very capable in making errors in our remembering the details of events.

Question 64

the misinformation effect

Answer 64

when biasing questions alter an eyewitness' memory for the event that they witnessed

Question 65

Bruck & Ceci study

Answer 65

study where an actor acted as a janitor to 5&6 year olds at a preschool. he spent some time doing janitor work in front of one group and in front of another group the actor acted aggressively as he was cleaning, playing with the toys in the room instead one group was interviewed that the janitor was playing with toys instead of working