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intro psychology > chapter 4 > Flashcards

chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

sensation

A

is the process that our sensory organs perform when they receive information about the world.

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2
Q

perception

A

recognizing and interpreting sensory stimuli. something what we see at a glance can contradict the sensory information that we receive

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3
Q

transduction

A

the process of converting basic sensory information into neural activity that the brain can interrupt

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4
Q

psychophysics

A

gustav Fechner.

seeks to measure the relationship between the energy detected by our sensory psychological experiences of that energy

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5
Q

absolute threshold

A

the minimum amount of energy of a stimulus that we can do 50% of the time. can vary between

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6
Q

difference threshold

A

just a noticeable difference, the smallest difference between stimuli

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7
Q

signal detection theory

A

considers both the amount of stimulation that people receive with their personal threshold.

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8
Q

structuralism

A

focused on the elementary units of perception. focusing on the lines that form the connect the dogs image

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9
Q

gestalt psychology

A

insisted that perception is far more than simply the component part that goes into it.

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10
Q

law of proximity

A

grouping objects together according to their closeness in space

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11
Q

law of similarity

A

grouping objects together according to features they have in common such as shape and size

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12
Q

law of closure

A

features with pieces missing belong to the same object if the features of the object are consistent for that type of inference

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13
Q

law of continuity

A

grouping features together when some part of them is obscured by another object . we assume they continue when behind other objects

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14
Q

divided attention

A

works okay as long as these different sources of information are fairly simple. ex: we can chew gum and walk and plan our evening at the same time

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15
Q

selective attention

A

performance will be best if focusing on just one task. the downside is that you wont be very aware of other surroundings of information

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16
Q

the earliest stage of visual processing naturally depends on…

A

your EYES !!

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17
Q

what is the eyes job

A

to take in light and information to convert into neural signals that the brain be interpret,

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18
Q

amplitude

A

the lowest and highest point on the wave

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19
Q

wavelength

A

light travels through space in the form of waves, and varies across a series of wavelengths

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20
Q

saturation

A

light that consists of a mixture of different wavelengths have LOW SATURATION. light waves that consist of mostly one wavelength have HIGH SATURATION

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21
Q

Sclera

A

white surface of the eye

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22
Q

cornea

A

the clear part in front.

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23
Q

pupil

A

dark opening part. size of the pupil depends on how much light is available. bright areas=smaller

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24
Q

iris

A

part around the pupil which has colour. muscle constricting the pupil

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25
Q

the lens

A

clear part that changes shape and is behind the pupil. bends light either more or less according the distance of objects that we re trying to bring into focus.

26
Q

the retina

A

after passing through the lens the light will travel through liquid contents of the eye and will hit the structure called the retina. has layers of light receptors that absorb light. called PHOTORECEPTORS.
transduction occurs here

27
Q

photoreceptors

A

convert information from the light they absorb into a neural signal.
rods and cones

28
Q

ganglion cells

A

take signals from photoreceptors and relay that information to the brain.

29
Q

optic nerve

A

where the axons of ganglion cells get bundled together

30
Q

optic disc

A

back of the eye where the axons come together to form the optic nerve

31
Q

rods

A

common in the outer region of the retina. most sensitive to light. rely on rods in the dine lighting conditions

32
Q

cones

A

central region of the retina. less sensitive to light, so we don’t rely on them as much in the dark. rely for colour vision.

33
Q

tri-chromatic theory

A

colour vision relies on three types of cones that are each sensitive to different wavelengths of light that correspond to the colours blue green and red

34
Q

nearsightedness

A

myopia
bring far scenes to focus. slight changes in the shape of the eye can distort the process.
occurs when the eye is too long

35
Q

farsightedness

A

hyperopia

prevents bringing close objects into focus. when the eye is just a bit short

36
Q

where is the left visual field processed

A

right hemisphere

37
Q

where is the right visual field processed

A

left hemisphere

38
Q

process from the eyes to the brain

A

on the way to the occipital cortex, visual inputs get routed through the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

39
Q

shape constancy

A

different viewing angles do not lead us to conclude objects are changing shape

40
Q

colour constancy

A

light and shadow change the wavelengths that bounce on of objects to strike our retinas

41
Q

size constancy

A

the size of image of an object projects varies with distance, but we are able to correct for this variability

42
Q

dorsal stream of visual processing

A

parietal bone

deals with processing visual information for the purpose of guiding motor actions

43
Q

depth perception

A

allows us to perceive the world in 3 dimensions.

44
Q

2 classes of information of depth perception

A
  1. binocular cues: convergence- focuses on closer objects we can feel our eye muscles point our eyes toward the center of space retinal disparity: your left eye and your right eye view slightly different things
  2. monocular depth cues: accommodation: the lenses changing shape in response to bring far images closer. motion parallax: on the move, objects closer will seem to move faster.
45
Q

auditory systems

A

our ears are to collect sound waves and our brain uses that information to identify the source and interpret the content and location of noise.
ears are sensory organs

46
Q

sound waves

A

basic inputs of auditory experiences. effect on air molecules caused by some physical disturbance

47
Q

frequency

A

initially, a sound is based on the speed by which air molecules displaced by the original physical event that initiates the sound.
short wavelength= high pitched
long wavelength=low pitched

48
Q

amplitude

A

height of the sound waves. high amplitude sounds are heard louder than low amplitude sounds.

49
Q

the 3 parts of the ear

A
  1. outer ear: the pinna which is the part we can see and the
    auditory canal which is the tube extending from the pinna to the ear drum
  2. middle ear: contains the eardrum which is at the end of the auditory canal. Ossicles are 3 little bones connected to the ear drum. these bones vibrate with the sound wave. cochlea receives information about the sound wave from the stapes bone
50
Q

basilar membrane

A

flexes the response in the tapping patter delivered by the stapes , which causes movement of the fluid inside the cochlea.

51
Q

place theory of hearing

A

the idea that the brain uses which hair cells are sending the strongest signals to determine whether a sound is higher or lower in pitch

52
Q

volley principle

A

many neurons working as a team could alternate their firing to achieve a rate of firing well above 1000 times per second

53
Q

haptics

A

active exploration of objects to learn their properties

54
Q

kinesthesis

A

sensors in our muscles, joints, and tendons that give us a sense of the position of our body parts in space

55
Q

fast fibers

A

for sharp intense pain caused by physical injury

56
Q

slow fibers

A

for the persistent throbbing pain that persists after an injury occurs.

57
Q

gate control theory

A

some spinal cord cells send pain signals to the brain and the others that inhibit transmission of pain signals to the brain

58
Q

phantom limb pain

A

people that have lost a limb state that they feel terrible pain in the limb that no longer exists

59
Q

the gustatory system

A

basic components of taste are salty. sour bitter, sour and umami

60
Q

taste buds

A

found in little bumps on the surface of the tongue called papillae, dendrites of neurons are connected to the papillae.

61
Q

the olfactory system

A

sense of smell.

intro psychology (9 decks)

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