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chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

consciousness

A

refers to what we are aware of at any point of time and incudes perception, thoughts and feelings.

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2
Q

infradian rhythms

A

biological rhythms that cycle over a period longer than a day (like female menstrual cycles)

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3
Q

ultradian rhythms

A

biological rhythms that cycle over a period shorter than a day (hormone levels)

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4
Q

circadian rhythms

A

biological rhythms that cycle over a 24 hour period (sleeping/waking cycle)

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5
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus

A

the structure is responsible for coordinating our circadian rhythms with exposure to sunlight in the hypothalamus.

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6
Q

pineal gland

A

releases hormones called melatonin that contributes to our level or alertness. the more melatonin the less alertness and more sleepiness. highest at night

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7
Q

entrainment

A

the synchronization of biological rhythms with external cues, such as light or temperature

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8
Q

endogenous rhythms

A

external cues do not modify some of our biological rhythms.

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9
Q

what happens while we sleep?

A

demonstrates a circadian rhythm, while we are sleeping we go through shorter ultradian rhythms.

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10
Q

polysomnography

A

these measures include body temperature, breathing rate and sensors for measuring muscle activity and electroencephalogram (EEG)

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11
Q

beta waves

A

high frequency low amplitude waves that dominate when we are awake and alert

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12
Q

alpha wave

A

as a person transitions into sleep the frequency slows down a bit and the amplitude of the wave increases a bit

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13
Q

4 stages of sleep

A
  1. theta waves: brain waves are slower and amplitude increases, slower breathing
  2. sleep spindles and k complexes: after 15 mins is when spindles appear which is a burst of high frequency. k complexes are bursts of high amplitude waves
  3. delta waves: around 20 minutes. low frequency high amplitude waves. continues into stage 4 which is the deepest level of sleep.
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14
Q

REM sleep

A

over an hour of sleeping and then in reverse to stage 1,
brain waves are faster in this stage, along with heart rate and breathing rates.
stages 1-4 are also referred to as non-rem sleep

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15
Q

sleep deprivation

A

can lead to determination in mental and physical health

weakens immune system

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16
Q

preserve and protect hypothesis

A

the idea that sleep serves function of conserving our energy and keeping us out trouble in the nighttime.
our eyes are not well functioned in the dark
animals that sleep the most tend to be at the least risk for getting eaten such as bats and lions

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17
Q

sleep displacement

A

when we are unable to sleeping during our normal sleeping time. this tends to occur when we travel across time zones.
jet lag: uncomfortable period of adjustment while our biological rhythms synchronize with a new time zone after traveling.

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18
Q

insomnia

A

inability to sleep. diagnose based on how rested people feel during their waking hours.

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19
Q

types of insomnia

A

onset insomnia: problems getting to sleep
maintenance insomnia: trouble getting a full nights sleep from waking up too early
terminal insomnia: trouble getting a full nights sleep from waking up too early
secondary insomnia: difficulty sleeping caused by some primary influence like chronic pain, drug use, anxiety or depression

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20
Q

night terrors

A
  • less common. intense emotional reaction during sleep that cause screaming thrashing around and waking up in a state of panic
  • not dreams
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21
Q

restless leg syndrome

A

a persistent urge to continually shift the positions of ones leg.

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22
Q

somnambulism

A

sleep walking. walking around or engaging in other activities while one is asleep. more common in children

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23
Q

sexomnia

A

sleep sex

engaging in sexual activity during sleep, including touching oneself or others and talking dirty

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24
Q

REM behavior disorder

A

physically actingout the action that one is performing as part of the dream

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25
Q

sleep apnea

A

a disorder in which a person has difficulty sleeping because or reoccurring episodes of not being able to breathe
more common in men

26
Q

narcolepsy

A

a disorder in which individuals are very sleepy or even prone to rapidly and unpredictably falling asleep during waking hours

27
Q

how to maintain good sleep hygiene

A
  1. bed should be for sleeping and sex not working
  2. don’t try to hard to sleep
  3. exercise early in the day
  4. avoid sleeping pills
  5. if you cannot fall asleep get up and do something and then try again when you feel tired
28
Q

dreaming

A

while we sleep we go through experiences that feel very real. differentiate extremely between one individual to the next.
female students dreams tend to be associated with failing, loosing control and dangerous animals
male students dreams tended to more on positive things

29
Q

why do we dream?

A

signmund freud idea was that dreaming was peoples wish-fulfilment, meaning us dreaming will give us some sight on what we want.
we often dream about our everyday experiences/problems

30
Q

manifest content

A

the actual images and experiences we have while dreaming.

31
Q

latent content

A

the true meaning of our dreams lying at the root of the symbols that form the manifest content of our dreams.

32
Q

dream work

A

a psychoanalysis technique in which the client records dreams and the analyst tried to interpret their true meanings

33
Q

the activation synthesis hypothesis

A

in REM, the pons in our brain stem send random bursts of neural activity up to the rest of the brain, causing rapid eye movement and stimulates the visual auditory and other centers of the brain that we rely on to feel real life sensations
frontal lobes
most accepted theory

34
Q

problem solving theory of dreaming

A

perhaps dreams provide a way to work through life problems
you may have experienced a dream in failing a test, getting fired from your job or your partner cheating on you. these sorts of dreams have something to do with our real life concerns

35
Q

brain death

A

a condition which no part of the brain is functional but life support machines may keep vital organs going.
once taken off life support the person would no longer be alive

36
Q

coma

A

the brain still functions to an extent but the person still remains unconscious and unaware of their surroundings

37
Q

persistent vegetative state

A

the person’s conscious awareness ranges from none to minimal. but they remain almost completely unaware of themselves or their surroundings

38
Q

permanent vegetative state

A

a person who has remained in a persistent vegetative state for more than 3 months. after another 3 months it is very rare for the person to recover.

39
Q

minimally-conscious state

A

patients occasionally exhibit actions that suggest some minimal awareness. may be able to answer yes/no quesions

40
Q

locked in state

A

the person is very aware of their surroundings yet are unable to do anything that would make appear conscious to others.
damage to the pons

41
Q

hypnosis

A

state of high suggestibility

no magic or special powers

42
Q

types of hypnotic suggestions

A

ideomotor suggestions: physical actions, the hypnotist tells the person that they are an animal such as a chicken

challenge suggestions: actions that cannot be perform, such as telling the person to move their arm

cognitive perceptual-suggestions: suggestions to remember or forget or alter their perception of reality. such as the hypnotist might suggest that the sun is beating down on the subject as they walk across the desert when they are really just on a stage.

43
Q

hypnotherapy treats…

A 
depression
programs to quit smoking 
eating disorders
phobias
addictions
acute pain
44
Q

what are the two processing systems?

A

unconscious processing system: unconscious thoughts and guides our behaviors without the involvement of our conscious mind ex: riding a bike.

executive processing system: the conscious mind that maintains our awareness of events reflects critically about the current situation, and plans our behaviors.

45
Q

meditation

A

altered state of consciousness that is more personal but many people say its equally dramatic.
heightened state of awareness through developing a calmer internal state

46
Q

forms of meditation

A

focused-attention (FA) meditation:involves focusing attention on a single external or internal object, such as breathing or a candlelight flicker

open monitoring meditation: starts in FA meditation and proceeds to learning t attend to internal and external experiences in the moment without focusing on/judging any one aspect.

47
Q

advantages of meditation

A

improves emotional and behavioral control

reduces personal anxieties about the past and future

48
Q

drug

A

any substance that we ingest for the purpose of effecting some aspect of our physiology and not for our nourishment or appetite

49
Q

agonist

A

drugs that increase the amount of neurotransmitters available in the synapse between neurons

50
Q

antagonist

A

drugs that decrease the amount of neurotransmitters available in the synapse between neurons

51
Q

dopamine

A

effected by drugs such as cocaine or meth.
the release of dopamine in two key centers of the brain which are:
1. nucleus accumbens
2. ventral tegmental (VTA)

52
Q

long term effects of psychoactive drugs

A

tolerance: a person has to increase doses of the drug to experience the same amount of high

withdrawal symptoms: negative side effects that occur after terminating regular use of a drug

physical dependence: unable to stop taking a drug because of the withdrawal symptom

psychological dependence: use of a drug to suppress negative psychological states ex: depression, rather than to avoid withdrawal symptoms

53
Q

stigma

A

addicts have a challenge in overcoming stigma. stigmas are imposed by societies and communities that cause major discrimination and hurt.

54
Q

stimulants

A

increase nervous system activity and give a person pleasure ex: cocaine, caffeine, and ecstasy (MDMA)

55
Q

hallucinogenic drugs

A

alter ones perception and can produce vividly d auditory, visual or tactile perceptions in the absence of any sensory input.
can be seen as dreams protruding from ones conscious experience while they are awake.
ex: LSD, magic mushrooms

56
Q

marijuana

A

has both stimulants and hallucinogenic and narcotic properties.
active ingredient is THC, which mimics the neurotransmitter, anandamide which stimulates feelings of euphoria and relaxation.

57
Q

opiates

A 
similar in chemical structure to a class of neurotransmitters called endorphins. opiates such as pain killers have potent painkilling effects and generate strong feelings of euphoria 
ex: morphine, oxycodone.
58
Q

sedative

A

opposite result of stimulants. reduce altertness and mental activity

59
Q

alcohol

A

increases the amount of GABA within synapses, dopamine and endorphin levels.

60
Q

alcohol consumption is associated with a number of social problems

A
  1. sexual assault
  2. physical assault
  3. intimate partner violence
  4. unwanted pregnancy
  5. STDs
  6. automobile and workplace accidents
61
Q

long term effects of alcohol

A

brain damage

liver problems

intro psychology (9 decks)

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