Chapter 7 Flashcards
electrons outside nucleus are attracted to the __ in the nucleus
protons
electrons propagate through space as an __ __
energy wave
electromagnetic radiation propagates through space as a __ moving at the speed of __
wavelight
1 nm = __ m
1 x 10^-9 m
The __ of electromagnetic radiation is directly proportional to the __ of the radiation
energyfrequency
Long wavelength = __ frequency = __ energyShort wavelength = __ frequency = __ energy
low, lowhigh, high
E = hv , E = energy in joules (__)
kg*m^2/s^2
As the electron moves toward the nucleus, the wavelength __
shortens
Shorter wavelength = __ energy = __ distance from the nucleus
highergreater
Electron transitions involve __ of definite amounts of __. This produces __ of light with definite __
jumpsenergybandswavelengths
Many elements give off characteristic __ which can be used to help identify them
light
Flame Tests: __ red/orange, __ orange, __ orange/yellow, __ magenta, __ violet, __ green, __ yellow/green
strontium, calcium, sodium, lithium, potassium, copper, barium
One cannot simultaneously determine both the position and momentum of an electron
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
More certain you are about where the electron is, the less certain you can be about where it is __ and vice versa
going
Denotes the probable distance of the electron from the nucleus
Electron energy level (shell)
Number of electrons that can fit in a shell (n)
2n^2
region within an energy level where there is a probability of finding an electron
orbital
the surface that contains 90% of the total electron probability
orbital shape
S-orbitalShape:# of orientations:# of max electrons:
Shape: spherical# of orientations: 1# of max electrons: 2
P-orbitalShape:# of orientations:# of max electrons:
Shape: dumbbell# of orientations: 3# of max electrons: 6
D-orbitalShape:# of orientations:# of max electrons:
Shape: double dumbbell# of orientations: 5# of max electrons: 10
F-orbitalShape:# of orientations:# of max electrons:
Shape: complex# of orientations: 7# of max electrons: 14
Number of electrons per main energy level:n=1:n=2:n=3:n=4:
n=1: 2n=2: 8n=3: 18n=4: 32
2 electrons occupying the same orbital must have opposite spins
Pauli exclusion principle
E(ns) __ E(np) __ E(nd) __ E(nf)
E(ns)
Most chemically reactive metals are found on the __ __ hand side of the table, where the __ __ is smallest
lower leftionization energy
Most chemically reactive nonmetals are found on the __ __ hand side of the table, where the __ __ is largest
upper rightionization energy
Half the distance between nuclei in covalently bonded diatomic molecule
atomic radius
Atomic radius __ across a period. Increased __ __ __ due to __ shielding
decreaseseffective nuclear chargedecreased
Atomic radius __ down a group. Each row on the periodic table adds an __ __ to the atom
increasesenergy level
The energy required to remove an electron from an atom. Increases for successive electrons taken from the same atom
Ionization energy
Ionization energy tends to __ across a period. Electrons in the same quantum level don’t __ as effectively as electrons in inner level
increaseshield
Ionization energy tends to __ down a group. Outer electrons are farther from the nucleus and __ to remove
decreaseeasier
The energy change associated with the addition of an electron
Electron affinity
Electron affinity tends to __ across a period
increase
Electron affinity tends to __ down a group. Electrons farther from the nucleus experience __ nuclear attraction
decreaseless
A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons
electronegativity
Electronegativity tends to __ across a period. As radius decreases, electrons get __ to the bonding atom’s nucleus
increasecloser
Electronegativity tends to __ down a group or __ __ __. As radius increases, electrons are __ from the bonding atom’s nucleus
decreaseremain the samefarther
__ radius decrease across a period, __ are bigger to the left and become smaller
cationsanions
Positively charged ions formed when an atom of a metal loses one or more electrons. __ than the corresponding atom
cationssmaller
Negatively charged ions formed when non metallic atoms gain one or or more electrons. __ than the corresponding atom
anionslarger
Attraction that occurs between oppositely charged particles. (__ in nucleus to __ surrounding the nucleus)
Coulombic attractionprotonselectrons
Net positive charge “felt” by the valence electron. Takes into account attractive forces felt b/w the protons and electrons, as well as the repulsive forces felt b/w valence electrons and core electrons
Effective nuclear charge
Electrons intervening b/w nucleus and valence electrons are said to __ the valence electrons from the nucleus so that the valence electrons don’e experience the full __ __ of the positive nuclear charge
shieldattractive pull
Coulombic attraction __ across a period. There are the same # of __ __, but there are more __ resulting in a greater attraction of valence electrons to the nucleus
increasesenergy levelsprotons
Coulombic attraction __ down a group. There are more __ __, more __ between valence electrons resulting in a weaker attraction of outer electrons to the nucleus
decreasesenergy levelsdistance
__ __ is when it loses electrons and creates a positive ion
ionization energy
Most half-filled orbitals, most unpaired electrons
paramagnetic
Most protons, most effective nuclear charge
isoelectronic
List the electromagnetic radiation from the longest to the shortest wavelengths (7)
Radio waves, Microwaves, Infrared, Visible, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma rays
