Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Chem > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Chemistry flashcards Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are two-atom molecules called?

A

Diatomic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Matter consists of __ __. The world we know is called the __ world. World of atoms and molecules is called the __ world. Substances result from about __ different atoms

A

Individual atomsMacroscopicMicroscopic100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Steps in the scientific method (3)

A

1) making observations (qualitative: no numbers, quantitative: number & a unit)2) formulating hypotheses (possible explanation for an observation)3) performing experiments (carried out to test whether a hypothesis is valid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 2 fundamental concepts in chemistry?

A

1) matter is composed of various types of atoms2) one substance changes to another by reorganizing the way the atoms are attached to each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define theory

A

A set of assumptions put forth to explain the observed behavior of matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define model

A

Usually involve assumptions about the behavior of individual atoms or molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Theories are a set of __ __ that help focus our questions

A

Tested hypotheses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

An __ is something that is witnessed and can be recorded; a __ is an interpretation, a possible explanation of why nature behaves in a particular way

A

ObservationTheory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define natural law

A

Statement that expresses generally observed behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define law of conservation of mass

A

Mass is neither created nor destroyed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

A __ summarizes what happens, a __ (__) is an attempt to explain why it happens

A

LawTheory (model)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

__ stated an __ is anything that cannot be broken down into simpler substances

A

BoyleElement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Who’s the father of modern chemistry?

A

Lavoisier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

A measurement (__ observation) always consists of two parts: a __ & a __

A

QuantitativeNumberUnit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Physical quantity: massName of unit:Abbreviation:

A

Name of unit: kilogramAbbreviation: kg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Physical quantity: lengthName of unit:Abbreviation:

A

Name of unit: meterAbbreviation: m

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Physical quantity: time Name of unit:Abbreviation:

A

Name of unit: secondAbbreviation: s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Physical quantity: temperature Name of unit:Abbreviation:

A

Name of unit: kelvinAbbreviation: K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Physical quantity: electric currentName of unit:Abbreviation:

A

Name of unit: ampere Abbreviation: A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Physical quantity: amount of substanceName of unit:Abbreviation:

A

Name of unit: moleAbbreviation: mol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Physical quantity: luminous intensity Name of unit:Abbreviation:

A

Name of unit: candelaAbbreviation: cd

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

1 liter = (1 __)^3 = (10 __)^3 = 1000 __^3 = 1000 __

A

dmcmcmmL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

1 cm^3 = 1 __1 m^3 = 1000 __

A

mLL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Common types of lab equipment used to measure liquid volume (4)

A

Graduated cylinder, pipet, buret, volumetric flask

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Volume measurements are read at the bottom of the liquid curve called the __. __ & __ are not the same

A

MeniscusMass Weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Define mass

A

A measure of the resistance of an object to a change in its state of motion (the quantity of matter in an object)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Define weight. Weight varies with the strength of the __ __

A

The force exerted on an object by gravity. Gravitational field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Prefix: megaSymbol:Meaning:

A

Symbol: MMeaning: 10^6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Prefix: kiloSymbol:Meaning:

A

Symbol: kMeaning: 10^3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Prefix: hectoSymbol:Meaning:

A

Symbol: hMeaning: 10^2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Prefix: deka Symbol:Meaning:

A

Symbol: daMeaning: 10^1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Prefix: deciSymbol:Meaning:

A

Symbol: dMeaning: 10^-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Prefix: centiSymbol:Meaning:

A

Symbol: cMeaning: 10^-2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Prefix: milliSymbol:Meaning:

A

Symbol: mMeaning: 10^-3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Prefix: microSymbol:Meaning:

A

Symbol: uMeaning: 10^-6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Prefix: nanoSymbol:Meaning:

A

Symbol: nMeaning: 10^-9

37
Q

Define certain digits. Define uncertain digit

A

Remain the same no matter who’s measuring.Estimated #.

38
Q

Report measurements by recording all the __ digits plus the first __ digit

A

CertainUncertain

39
Q

A measurement always has some degree of __ which depends on the __ device

A

Uncertainty Measuring

40
Q

Define uncertainty

A

Characteristic that any measurement involves estimates and cannot be exactly reproduced (uncertainty in the last number is assumed to be +/- 1 unless otherwise indicated)

41
Q

Define significant figures

A

The certain digits and the first uncertain digit of a measurement

42
Q

Two terms often used to describe the reliability of measurements are __ and __

A

PrecisionAccuracy

43
Q

Define accuracy

A

The agreement of a particular value with the true value

44
Q

Define precision

A

The degree of agreement among several measurements of the same quantity; the reproducibility of a measurement

45
Q

Define random error (intermediate error)

A

An error that has an equal probability of being high or low (occurs in estimating the value of the last digit in a measurement)

46
Q

Define systematic error (determinate error)

A

An error that always occurs in the same direction

47
Q

In quantitative work, __ is often used as an indication of accuracy (assume the __ of precise measurements is accurate; only valid when there are no __ __)

A

PrecisionAverageSystematic errors

48
Q

Rules for counting significant figures (5)

A

1) nonzero integers are always significant 2) zeros preceding all nonzero digits are not significant3) zeros between nonzero digits are always significant 4) all zeros after nonzero digits are significant only when there’s a decimal point5) exact numbers have an infinite # of sig figs and do not limit the # of sig figs in a calculation

49
Q

Define exponential notation

A

Expresses a # as N • 10^M, a convenient method for representing a very large or very small number and for easily indicating the number of significant figures

50
Q

For multiplication/division, the # of sig figs in the result is the same as the # in the __ __ measurement used in the calculation

A

Least precise

51
Q

For addition or subtraction, the result has the same number of __ __ as the __ __ measurement used in the calculation

A

Decimal placesLeast precise

52
Q

Rules for rounding (2)

A

1) in a series of calculations, carry the extra digits through to the final result, then round2) if the digit to be removed: a) is less than 5, the preceding digit remains the same, b) is equal to or greater than 5, the preceding digit is increased by 1

53
Q

When rounding, use only the first number to the __ of the last sig fig

A

Right

54
Q

Define the unit factor method (dimensional analysis)

A

An equivalence statement between units used for converting from one unit to another

55
Q

Define unit factor

A

Converting an equivalence statement into a fraction

56
Q

Converting from one unit to another (3)

A

1) use the equivalence statement that relates the two units 2) derive the appropriate unit factor by looking at the direction of the required change to cancel unwanted units3) multiply the quantity to be converted by the unit factor to give the quantity with the desired units

57
Q

Three systems for measuring temperature

A

Celsius scaleKelvin scaleFahrenheit scale

58
Q

The __ & __ scales both have the same size of the temperature unit (degree)

A

CelsiusKelvin

59
Q

Temp kelvin = temp celsius _ 273.15Temp celsius = temp kelvin _ 273.15

A

+-

60
Q

_F = _C & _F = _C(F - 32F) • (5C/9F) = __(C • (9F/5C)) + 32F = __

A

9F = 5C & -40F = -40CTemperature celsius Temperature Fahrenheit

61
Q

Define density

A

Property of matter representing mass of substance per unit volume of the substance Density = mass / volume (g/cm^3)

62
Q

Define matter

A

Anything occupying space and having mass; the material of the universe

63
Q

Matter exists in what 3 states

A

Solid LiquidGas

64
Q

Define states

A

The 3 different forms in which matter can exist (solid, liquid, gas)

65
Q

Define solid

A

Rigid, has a fixed volume and fixed shape

66
Q

Define liquid

A

Has a definite volume but no specific shape, it takes the shape of its container

67
Q

Define gas

A

No fixed volume and no fixed shape, takes on the shape and volume of its container

68
Q

Solids & liquids: __ compressibleGases: __ compressible, easy to decrease __

A

SlightlyHighly Volume

69
Q

Define mixture

A

Has variable composition of pure substances, is homogeneous or heterogeneous

70
Q

Define heterogenous

A

Having visibly distinguishable parts, can usually be separated into 2 or more homogeneous mixtures or pure substances

71
Q

Define homogeneous

A

Having visibly indistinguishable parts

72
Q

Define solution

A

A homogeneous mixture

73
Q

Define pure substance

A

Substance with constant composition

74
Q

Define physical change

A

Change in the form of a substance, not in its chemical composition; chemical bonds are not broken in a physical change (can separate mixtures into pure compounds)

75
Q

__ can be separated by methods involving only physical changes

A

Mixtures

76
Q

Define distillation

A

A method for separating the components of a liquid mixture that depends on differences in the ease of vaporization of the components

77
Q

Define volatility

A

How readily substances become gases; the ease with which a substance can be changed to its vapor

78
Q

Define simple distillation

A

Mixture is heated, most volatile component vaporizes at the lowest temperature, and the vapor passes through a cooled tube (condenser) where it condenses back into its liquid state

79
Q

When a mixture contains several volatile components, one-step distillation doesn’t give a __ __ in the receiving flask

A

Pure substance

80
Q

Define filtration

A

A method for separating the components of a mixture containing a solid & a liquid (mixture poured onto mesh filter paper which passes the liquid and leaves the solid behind

81
Q

Define chromatography

A

The general name for a series of methods for separating mixtures by employing a system with two phases (states) of matter: a mobile phase & stationary phase

82
Q

Stationary phase: __Mobile phase: either __ or __

A

SolidLiquid or gas

83
Q

Component with a high affinity: mobile phase- __ __, stationary phase- __ __

A

Moves quicklyMoves slowly

84
Q

Define paper chromatography

A

Uses a strip of porous paper for the stationary phase, drop of mixture to be separated is placed on the paper, paper dipped into a liquid (mobile phase) that travels up the paper; often used by biochemists

85
Q

Pure substances contain __ (combinations of __) or __ __

A

CompoundsElementsFree elements

86
Q

Define compound

A

A substance with constant composition that can be broken down into elements by chemical processes

87
Q

Define chemical change

A

The change of substance into other substances with different properties and different composition through a reorganization of the atoms; a chemical reaction

88
Q

Define element

A

Substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical or physical means

AP Chem (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions