Chapter 7

Question 1

Exercise psychology has 2 primary resource objectives:

Answer 1

1. Determination of the psychological antecedents of participation in physical activity
   (what personality factor lead someone to exercise)

2.Determination of the psychological consequences of participation in physical activity
(how an exercise program might influence individual difference factors)

Question 2

Personality

Answer 2

underlying, stable, psychological structures and processes that organize human experience and shape a person’s actions and reactions to the environment

Question 3

Hollander’s personality structuer

Answer 3

personality core
typical responses
role-related behaviors

Question 4

personality core (Hollander)

Answer 4

developed from early environmental interactions
perceptions of the external world
basic attitudes, interests, motives, self-concept
who we are
not likely to change, unaffected by context

Question 5

typical responses (Hollander)

Answer 5

fairly predictable behaviors

ways of reaction to environment

Question 6

role related behaviors (Hollander)

Answer 6

more variable, influenced by context

Question 7

2 most common approaches to the study of personality

Answer 7

learning/situational
and
dispositional/trait

Question 8

learning/situational

Answer 8

emphasis on environment

include conditioning or behaviorist theories and social learning theories

Question 9

dispositional/trait

Answer 9

emphasis on the individual

include biological theories and the trait theories
biologic/genetic foundation

Question 10

interactionist perspective

Answer 10

considers the person, the situation and the interaction between them determine behavior

Question 11

Ancient Greeks

Answer 11

bodily fluids balance
if off could cause discernible personality type
sanguine-cheerful
choleric - irritable
melancholic - sad
phlegmatic - apathetic

mind-body connection

Question 12

Sheldon’s biological theory

Answer 12

constitutional theory

Question 13

Constitutional theory (Sheldon)

Answer 13

individuals posses certain body types (somatotypes) that predispose the individual toward behavioral consistency

ecto/endo/meso-morph

Question 14

ectomorph associated with (Sheldon)

Answer 14

tallness and leanness

cerebrotonia - tense introverted,socially restrained, inhibited personality

Question 15

endomorph associated with (Sheldon)

Answer 15

plumpness, fatness, and roundness

visceratonia - affectionate, sociable, relaxed, and jovial personality

Question 16

mesomorph associated with (Sheldon)

Answer 16

wide,muscular shoulders, narrow hips

somatotonia - predisposition to adventurousness, risk taking, dominance, aggresiveness

Question 17

traits

Answer 17

internal attributes reflective of underlying biopsychological constructus

Question 18

trait theories

Answer 18

approaches centered on traits,

assume personality to consist of more specific facet traits

Question 19

Eysenck theory

Answer 19

relationships between traits generated second order, or superordinate trait dimensions

Question 20

superordinate trait dimensions (3) (Eysenck)

Answer 20

extraversion-introversion (E)
neuroticism-stability (N)
psychoticism-superego (P)

-biologic basis for each dimension

Question 21

extraversion-introversion driven by: (Eysenck)

Answer 21

level of arousal in the cortex of the brain
influence pain threshold, pain sensitivity, and/or pain tolerance, essentially reflecting erasability and sensory modulation

mediated by reticular formation

Question 22

neuroticism-stability driven by: (Eysenck)

Answer 22

Activity of the limic system (emotional brain)

and the ANS (fight or flight)

Question 23

Psychoticism-superego driven by: (Eysenck)

Answer 23

hormonal function (elevated androgen levels and absence of serotonin

Question 24

Cattell’s Personality Theory

Answer 24

personality is composed of 16 factors derived through factor analysis

16 Personality Factor Questionanaire (16PF)

Question 25

Gender roles (2)

Answer 25

masculinity and feminity

Question 26

masculinity

Answer 26

instrumental

Question 27

feminity

Answer 27

expressive

Question 28

androgynous

Answer 28

undifferentiated

Question 29

feminine type males and exercise

Answer 29

higher ratings of Perceived exertion, greater negative affect about exercise

Question 30

Type A behavior

Answer 30

action-emotion complex aggressively involed in chronic, incessant struggle to achieve more and more in less and less time against the opposing efforts of other things and persons

Question 31

Type A behavior characteristics

Answer 31

``` striving for achievement competitive sense of time urgency aggressiveness pre-occupied with deadlines impatient hostile hard-driving attitude hyper alert ```

Question 32

Hardiness

Answer 32

dispositional resilience "stress buffering" and is associated with resilience when dealing with a stressful event

Question 33

components of hardiness

Answer 33

a sense of control over events commitment, dedication, or involvement in everyday life tendency to perceive life events as challenges and opportunities rather than as stressors

Question 34

Dishman's theory

Answer 34

psychobiological model

Question 35

psychobiological model

Answer 35

considers both biological factors and psychological factors (specifically self motivation)

Question 36

self motivation

Answer 36

generalized, non-specific tendency to persist in the absence of extrinsic reinforcement