Chapter 4 Flashcards
B.F. Skinner’s theory
stimulus response theory
stimulus response theory
explanation of how people learn new behaviors
based on classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning
classical conditioning
principles that state that a reflexive behavior can be elicited through repeated pairings of the behavior with an antecedent cue (precedes the behavior)
Instrumental conditioning
voluntary behavior can be learned by pairing the behavior with consequent reinforcement (reward that follows a behavior)
consequences according to Skinner
consequences have a greater impact on behavior than do antecedents
4 types of events that can follow according to SRT
positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, and extinction
positive reinforcement
adding something positive
positive reinforcer, intrinsic reinforcer, extrinsic reinforcers
negative reinforcement
taking away something negative
most effective when delivered immediately and frequently after the event
punishment
adding something negative
used to decrease probability that a behavior will occur again
extinction
taking away reinforcement (rewards, reductions in pain)
decreasing probability of that behavior occurring again
limitation of SRT
does not consider the important role of cognition
expectations of getting a certain outcome
perceived control over attaining that outcome
perceived value of the outcome
fails to provide info that can be used to develop interventions to change
limited in predicting future exercise behavior and developing exercise interventions
TTM - Transtheoretical Model
integrates elements across a variety of theirs and models of behavior
behavior change is a gradual process whereby the individual progresses through a series of stages
stages of TTM
precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance
pre-contemplation
people have no intention to start exercising in future (next 6 months or so)
considering the cons greater than pros
defensive
need intervention
contemplation
have intentions to start exercising within the next 6 months
equally aware of pros and cons
ambivalent feelings, still need intervention
preparation
intend to start exercising in the immediate future (the next month.
pros greater than cons
performing tasks to prepare for exercise
making small changes
Action
people are exercising at recommended levels of health and fitness
unstable stage - avoid falling back into old habits
Maintenance
is achieved when people have been exercising at recommended levels for 6 months
less likely to relapse
how do people move through stages of TTM?
experiential processes: directed toward increasing people’s awareness of and changing their thoughts and feelings about themselves and their exercise behavior
or
behavioral processes: consists of behaviors that a person undertakes in order to change aspects of the environment that may affect exercise participation
experiential processes
consciousness raising self-reevaluation environemntal reevaluation dramatic relief social liberation
Behavioral processes
self-liberation counterconditioning stimulus control reinforcement management helping relationships
consciousness raising
seeking new info and a better understanding of exercise
experiential processes
self-reevaluation
assessing how one thinks and feels about oneself as an inactive person
experiential processes
environmental re-evaulation
considering how inactivity affects the physical and social environment
experiential processes
