Chapter 7

Question 1

What is thinking?

Answer 1

It’s the mental activity that involves coming to a decision, solution, creating beliefs & developing an attitude

Question 2

What are the concepts?

Answer 2

Is when we make mental representations of categories of objects or ideas that belong together. And is also used in the process of memory, reasoning, & language.

Question 3

What are the 3 hierarchies of concepts? And there levels?

Answer 3

Superordinate: broadest level
Mid level: basic level
Subordinate level: narrowest level

Question 4

What concept is defined by rigid & logical rules like math or sciences?

Answer 4

Formal concepts

Question 5

What concept of mental representations of categories result from daily life experiences?

Answer 5

Natural concepts

Question 6

What are the steps to problem solving?

Answer 6

Understand the problem, choose an approach, & evaluate.

Question 7

What are 4 different problem solving approaches & short example?

Answer 7

Trial & error - lets just see what works.

Algorithms - actual formulas

Heuristics - our go-to decisions

Means-ends analysis- seeing a goal & trying to find an easier way to reach it.

Question 8

What is known as being resistant toward using familiar objects in new ways?

Answer 8

Functional fixedness

Question 9

What is Guss’s hypothesis referring too?

Answer 9

Individualistic countries are concerned with themselves; collectivist are concerned with other people.

Problem solving vary by different cultures

Question 10

What term did Kahnerman & Tversky say relies on memory & influenced by familiarity, regency, frequency, vividness.

Answer 10

Ineffective heuristic (availability heuristic)

Question 11

What heuristic speaks of the stereotypical person?

Answer 11

Representativeness heuristic

Question 12

What is it called when we continue to look for evidence to back up our beliefs?

Answer 12

Confirmation bias

Question 13

What effect demos how outcome of decisions can be influenced by wording of questions or context of problems?

Answer 13

Framing effect

Question 14

It’s terms of language what does phonemes represent?

Answer 14

The basic building blocks of spoken language like the word “ba”

Question 15

In terms of language what small fundamental units bring meaning to language like “bat” or “bats”?

Answer 15

Morphemes

Question 16

In terms of language what is the reflection of word order like “I ate pizza” or “pizza I ate”

Answer 16

Syntax

Question 17

In terms of language what term is used to define what’s correct & incorrect structure of a sentence?

Answer 17

Grammar

Question 18

In terms of language what term defines what rules are used to bring meaning to words?

Answer 18

Semantics

Question 19

What was chromsky’s theory?

Answer 19

That all children learn language & go through the same stages in basically the same way, including signed language.

Question 20

What did Sapir-whorf’s linguistic relativity hypothesis mean?

Answer 20

That languages have different effects on thinking & perception.

Question 21

What is intelligence?

Answer 21

Ones ability to solve problems, adapt to environment, & learn from experiences. Relating to memory, learning, perception, & language.

Question 22

What is heritability?

Answer 22

Applying to groups of people, but includes genes are responsible for a particular characteristic or trait.

Question 23

What does intelligence mean to the U.S. Versus another part of the world?

Answer 23

In the U.S. Getting high grades & test scores & somewhere else like Kenya may be knowing how to survive like making fires & staying healthy.

Question 24

What is the g factor that spearman speculated?

Answer 24

General intelligence that humans have a singular underlying aptitude or intellectual ability.

Question 25

Gardner proposed 8 types of intelligences or frames of minds what are they & what is an example?

Answer 25

1. Verbal/linguistic: like a poet or journalist
2. Logical/math: scientist or mathematician.
3. Musical: violinist or creating rhythms.
4. Visual spatial: sculptor or navigator
5. Bodily/kinesthetic: dancer or athlete hands on work.
6. Interpersonal: therapist or salesman; understanding others feelings & needs
7. Intrapersonal: person with detailed self knowledge & understandance.
8. Naturalist: understanding nature; farmers or being able to see nature patterns.

Question 26

What is cognition?

Answer 26

It’s a broader aspect; mental activities associated with obtaining, converting, & using knowledge.