Chapter 7 Flashcards
Motivation
is a condition (usually internal) that initiates, activates, or maintains the individuals goal-directed behavior.
It is what keeps us moving
It is the reason behind why we do what we do
Evolutionary theories
- is
- survival needs (2)
- criticism
believe that bio factors best explain social behavior
human motivation is biological
Due to gentetic variations some organisms more likely to survive than others
- Survival needs can be collective or individual (collective survival seen in African people and is continued existence of the group and not neseccarily individ survival) (collectivist priniciple may be due to oppression)
- Evo approach fails to explain diversity of human motivation and overlooks the influence of individual choice and reason
Sociobiology
Natural selection
We are motivated to pursue whatever helps us survive
Sociological theories
- Conflict theories pay attention to socioeconomic and political conditions and their impact on motivation; pay attention to social inequality and view consumerism as main driving force behind human behavior in the West
Psychological
- 2
- we value?
- goal of behavior?
- what initiates behavior
- needs categories (2)
1.
2. - drive-state
There are two universal mechanisms of motivation: drive and arousal
- According to drive theories ppl across countries come to value what they don’t have just as those who are hungry likely to value food
- Goal of behavior is to attina a state of stability or balance within individual
- Stimuli such as hunger and pain energize and initiate our behavior
- Needs divided into two categories: bio and social
- Bio needs are universal and direct human behavior toward self preservation
- Social needs are toward establishing and maintinag relationships
- Organism movtivated by a need said to be in a drive state; they exhibt goal-directed behavior
Drive
- is
- steps
is an internal arousal condition that directs organsim to satisfy some physio need
- internal arousal creates need, need creates imbalance, and motivation is to maintain optimal level of homeostasis
Need
- is
- 2
is motivated state cause by physio or psych deprivation - Organism movtivated by a need said to be in a drive state; they exhibt goal-directed behavior
Needs divided into two categories: bio and social
1. Bio needs are universal and direct human behavior toward self preservation
2. Social needs are toward establishing and maintinag relationships
Arousal theories
- of motivation
- each culture
- evidence of universal?
- criticism
of motivation suggest that ppl seek to maintain optimal levels of arousal by actively changing exposure to arousaing stimuli (unlike hunger and thirst, lack of sensory doesn’t result in physio imbalnace)
- Each cultures has own activites which ppl motivated to seek out to maintain opitimal levels of arousal
- Studies found universal psycho mechansims of procrastination (support of arousal theory)
- Major weakness of drive and arousal theories is treatment of culture as an external factor independent of human activity; discount fact that ppl are active designers of own culture
Psychoanalytic theories: Unconscious
- 2
Two forms of instincts or motivation
Libido –life instinct; include all tendencies that strive toward integration of living substance
Thanatos – death instinct; represents death and aggression tendencies
3 levels of personality
- Id – pleasure principle seeking immed gratification of impulses, contains death and life instinct
- Ego – reality principle
- Superego – moral guide
Strong cultural influence, reps values and cult standards of society transmitted thru parents and others
Humanistic theories
- focus on 4 things
Human dignity
Individual choice, responsibility
Self worth
Maslow’s hierarchy
- maslow said
- 5
humans have a number of innate needs that are arranged in a heirarchy in terms of their potency
- Five needs: physio, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization
- Must satisfy need at level before progressing
- As you ascened the heirarchy you become less animal like and more humanistic
self-actulization
A final level of psychological development in which individuals strive to realize their uniquely human potential to achieve everything they are capable of achieving. Governed by being-values such as truth, goodness, beauty
Criticism of mallows hierarchy
- main problem
- ex (2)
- self-actualization difference
- Although the structure of needs by maslow may be approp for other cultures, the strenght of the needs are culture specific
- Self-precoccupation is a western charactersitc not so dominatnt in other cutlures
- Chinese heirarchy of values includes promotion of interconnectness in contrast to the emphaiss on self-development in maslow’s version
- Self-actulization could manifest as devoted service to community; if they do so they are using value of collectivist self-actulization
Learning theories
- is
- 2
say that ppl aware of thought patterns and can control their motivation and behavior bc they control the conditions for the behavior
Cognitive – we are aware of what we want and find ways to achieve them
2 types of motivation: Intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation
