Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cross-Cultural > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Cross-cultural psychology

A
  • Critical and comparative study of differences and similarities in cultural norms and how these norms influence behavior.
  • At least 2 distinct cultures
  • Focus on differences as well as universals; looks for underlying reasons for diversity
  • Critical analysis of cross-cultural interactions from perspective of the different people
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Culture

- culture vs. society

A

Set of attitudes, behaviors, and symbols shared by a large group of people and communicated from generation to generation.
- Culture is a shared way of interaction. Society is composed of ppl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Culture: Implicit vs. explicit characteristics

A

Implicit- organizing principles that lie behind explicit patterns (grammar, hidden rules of bargaining, behavioral expectancies in a situation)

Explicit- observable acts/practices, covert customs (wearing particular type of clothing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Attitudes

A

include beliefs, values, general knowledge, opinions, superstitions, stereotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Behaviors

A

include norms, roles, customs, traditions, habits, practices, fashions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Symbols

A

are things/ideas which ppl give meaning to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Characteristics of culture - 5

A
  1. Survival and adaptation
  2. Learned through social interactions
  3. Dynamic (changes continuously)
  4. Tangible and also intangible
  5. Cyclical and self-reinforcing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Race

- History of race

A

Group of people with similar genetic and physical characteristics
( heritable traits, morphonological, behavioral and physical)
- Negoid race occurred in sub saharan 110,00 yrs ago and evolved into monogloid and caucasions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ethnicity

- examples

A

Common cultural heritage, Language, ancestral origin, traditions, religion, territory
- experience shared by ppl with common origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Nation

A

Common geographical boundaries,

A group who share common origin, history, language and unified as political entity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Religious Affiliation

  • 3 Contients predom christian
  • % of Christians in US
A

A person’s beliefs, knowledge and practices related to a specific faith

  • Europe, NA, SA
  • 78%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

3 Goals of Cross-Cultural Psychology

A
  1. Applicability -Transport and test (extent to which already established theories in western cultures apply to other cultures)
  2. Discovery- New theories that are unique to a culture
  3. Integration- Comprehensive effort (universal principles)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

4 Types of Knowledge in C-C Psychology

A
  1. Scientific -Based in scientific inquiry and psychological theory; derived from observation, measurement, evaluation of psych phenomena
  2. Popular (folk)-Everyday knowledge from common beliefs and individual opinions; can be general or specific. May or may not be in line with scie theories
  3. Ideological (value based)-Stable set of beliefs based on a principle or value (e.g., good vs. evil, purpose of life) diff from pop bc its grounded on unwavering principles which do not require empiricism. Tends to be dogmatic and go unchallenged
  4. Legal-Laws and official rules for people to function in a given culture. Rules used to pass judgements about behavior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Power Distance

  • High
  • Low
  • Examples of hi and low
A

Extent to which the group accepts inequality in power (leader vs. the led)

  • Accept it; tend to assign stricter rules assoc with social status (father head of house)
  • Equality preferred; less preoccupied with behavioral rules
  • U.S. is egalitarian and LPD, Japan and South Korea Hi (Hierachial)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Masculine vs. Feminine

A

Responsible. Decisive, ambitious vs. caring, sensitive, agreeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q 
Uncertainty Orientation 
(2)
A

common ways used by ppl to handle uncertainty; measured on continuum of avoidance vs. acceptance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Uncertainty Avoidance

  • is?
  • High
  • Low
  • Examples
A

degree that society feels uncomfortable with uncertainty

HI: tend to support beliefs promising certainty and to maintain institutions protecting conformity
Low: tend to be noncomformitsts, unpredictable, creative in new forms of thinking

  • Eastern (Japan/China) more Uncertainty avoid ant
  • Western (France/Canada) less
18
Q

2 types of cultural roots: Traditional vs. Nontraditional

- Traditional

A

Based on traditions, rules, symbols, principles established in the past. Tends to be defined in local boundaries. Conservative/intolerant of innovations.
Prescribed social roles – individuals know what is expected of them and behave accordingly, little choice in actions; no need for corecion; truth established an no need for debate

19
Q

Non traditional culture

A
  • AKA Modern
  • based on new principles, ideas
  • science and technology based
  • absorbing and dynamic; image of reality expanding
  • embraces freedom of choice which may lead to psych problems with array of options leading to choice congestion
  • truth debatable
  • vague distinction between good and evil
20
Q

Acculturation

- Goal

A
  • Exchange between two groups
  • a host or dominant group and an immigrant (or minority) group
  • involves the immigrant group adopting some of the norms and values of a new culture
  • Goal is often for new or minority/immigrant group to fit in or function well within the host culture.
21
Q

4 types of acculturation

A
  1. Assimilation- Prefers the norms and values of one’s own culture less and the new culture more (not good)
  2. Integration- Prefers the norms and values of one’s own culture as well as the host (new) culture (best)
  3. Separation- Prefers the norms and values of one’s own culture more and the new culture less (not good)
  4. Marginalization Prefers the norms and values of one’s own culture as well as the new culture less (worst)
22
Q

Individualism

- example

A
  • Concern for self and immediate family as opposed to others and society
  • Expect to contribute less to others and in turn have less expectations from others
  • use competitive strategies
  • High in western
23
Q

Collectivism

- example

A
  • Concern for others; Care for traditions and values
  • Group norms, harmony, agreeable
  • Expectation to help others and in return, receive support from others
  • High in asia (former communist societies)
24
Q

Harry Trandis’s dimensions of collectivism and individualism - 2

A
  1. Vertical- (hierarchy) ppl refer to each other from power standpoints; communicate as employes, benevolence and equality
  2. Horizontal- (equality) emphasize equality but not freedom
25
Q

Vertical Individualism

- ex

A

“I want to do better than everyone else”

- Most American and European systems

26
Q

Vertical Collectivism

- ex

A

“I want my in-group to do better than all other groups”

–Indian caste system

27
Q

Horizontal Invidualism

- ex

A

“I want to do as well as everyone else”

- many tradition asian cultures

28
Q

Horizontal collectivism

- ex

A

“I want my group to do as well as the other groups” – Sweden taxation to decrease inequality

29
Q

3 Disciplinary Approaches to studying C-C psych

A
  1. Evolutionary
  2. Sociological
  3. Ecocultural
30
Q

Evolutionary Approach

A
  • Explores ways which evolutionary factors affect behavior and experiences.
  • Survival prime goal of humans
  • Role of biological factors in human behavior
  • Natural selection removes cultural norms that have outlived usefulness
31
Q

Sociolgical Approach

- theorists

A
  • How broad social structures influence individual and society as a whole
  • Social forces shape social norms, and consequently individual makes adjustments to fit in
  • Culture is both product and forming factor
  • Main purpose of society is to ensure stability and solidarity (Durkheim, Parsons, etc.)
32
Q

Ecocultural Approach

- 2 theorists

A
  • Reciprocal interaction between individual and their environment transforms individual
  • Person not passive and influenced by enviro but dynamic who interacts/changes it
  • Bronfenbrenner & Berry
33
Q
  • Bronfenbrenner (4)
A

individual interacts in different systems:

  1. microsystem- Face-to-face interactions with immediate family and friends
  2. mesosystem- Links between 2 or more microsystems (e.g., parents and teachers)
  3. exosystem - Indirect interactions – media, social organizations, extended family
  4. macro system- Customs, values, and beliefs for a specific society
34
Q

Berry (2)

A

Enviro factors influencing us are Ecological and sociopolitical contexts:

  1. Ecological- natural setting where humans interact including economic activity (population density)
  2. sociopolitical- extent which ppl participate in global and local decisions; includes ideological values, government, prescence of freedom
35
Q 
Integrative Approach 
- is?
- 2 focusing factors 
1. (2)
2.
A
  • The best approach
  • behavior not result or product of cultural influences but we are free, active, and rationale
    1. Activity- process of persons goal directed interaction with enviro. Human motivation, emotions, thoughts, reactions cannot be sep from activity which (1) is determined by socioeconomic, enviro, political, cultural conditions and (2)changes these conditions
  1. Access to resources- unifies and separates ppl from one another; affects behavior (oppression is unequal resources that causes inferiority)
36
Q

3 issues in C-C psychology

A
  1. Ethnocentrism
  2. Indigenous psychology
  3. Multiculturalism
37
Q

Ethnocentrism

A
  • Viewing things from your own cultural perspective only and ignoring other views
  • exaggeration, supports judgements about other groups, narrows perception
  • judging from cultural majority
38
Q

Indigenous psychology

A

Scientific study of human behavior, specifically designed for a people (native) and not necessarily applied from another culture/region

  • characterized by the use of conceptions and methodologies associated exclusively with the cultural group under investigation
    • Cant understand psych of ppl in group without understanding social/historical premises first
39
Q

Multiculturalism

- type

A

Equality for all cultural and national groups, but each group has a right to their own unique values, norms, and activities

  • Bicultralism combines features of 2 cultures into a blend
40
Q

Cultural Mixtures approach

  • c mixes are?
  • old c-c
A

Hermans and Kepmen: Cultural Mixtures are
C-C interaction, interconnected systems and multiple cultural identities
- old C-C assumes cultures are static and confined
- However, cultures are moving and mixing, cultural identity is dynamic. Social, technological, economic have transformed them to become hetero and complex

Cross-Cultural (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions