Chapter 10/11 Flashcards
social perception
is the process thru which we try to understand others and ourselves; view that ppl acquire judgments, attitudes, beliefs thru socialization exps from their culture
Social cognition
- is
- tends to be
process thru which we interpret, remember and use info about world and ourselves; tends to be conservative; we retain our past exps and use them to make todays judgments
Attitude (3)
Cognitive (knowledge)
Emotional (how we feel)
Behavioral (how we act)
Value
- is?
- two types
- vs. attitudes?
are attitudes that reflect a principle, standard, or quality considered to be most desirable or appropriate; stable and enduring views
- instrumental value - behavior; Regarding morality and competency
- terminal value - goal; social and personal concerns
- values hold more central position than attitudes
Schwartz: cultural differences in values
- suggested?
- (3)
Suggested values are connected to ways groups cope with basic societal problems. Three basic issues make social groups diff form another:
- Extent to which ppl are independent or dependent on groups
- Their views on prosperity and profit
- Their views on whether its approp to exploit, fit in, submit to outside world
Schwartz 3 types of values
Type 1. Conservative vs. autonomy
Type 2. Heirarchy vs. egalitariansim
Type 3. Mastery vs. Harmony
Conservative vs. autonomy
- conservative views belief in status quo, self-discipline, care about family, social order, tradition.
- Autonomy views emphasize right of individual to pursue own ideals and enjoy variety of life for sake of pleasure
Hierarchy vs. egalitarianism
- hiearchry values justifiy the legitamcy of unequal distribution of power, resources, and social roles.
- Egalitarians see individuals as equals who have same basic interests and should be treated equally as human beings
Mastery vs. Harmony
- mastery values encourage ppl to exercise control over society and exploit its natrual resources, includes ambition and high self-esteem.
- Harmony values based on assuption that the world should be kept as is, preserved/cherished rather than violated and exploited
Western vs non-western values
- western (4)
- non (3)
most fundamental values of westerners are work, achievement, striving for efficeitncy, and consumption of material goods
−Non-westerners its respect for traditions, reverence to authority, and overall stability
Cognitive Dissonance
states ppl exp psychological tension when the percieve a mismatch (dissonance) between attitudes and behavior, two or more decisions, two or more attitudes
Desire to change inconsistent thoughts to foster balance or consistency
Dogmatism
is tendnecy to be extremely selective, rigid, inflexible in opinions and subsequent behavior. Powerful alliance of attitudes usually organized around once central idea; this central idea usually causes intolerance toward other people or issues
Prejudice and discrimination
- are? (3)
Attitude that consists of an affective component (prejudice), a cognitive component (stereotypes), and a behavioral component (discrimination)
Hindsight Bias
Tendency to think you knew something all along after the fact – “I knew it all along phenomena” (hindsight is 20/20)
Actor-observer bias
Tendency to attribute our behaviors to situational factors when the consequences are negative but to dispositional factors when the consequences are positive
Fundamental attribution error
- is
- based on
When judging another person’s negative behavior, we have the tendency to overestimate dispositional factors and underestimate situational factors
- Based on concept of “belief in a just world” – tendency to view victims as the cause of their own misfortune
Self Serving Bias
Tendency to blame external factors for our failures and take credit for our successes
symbolic racism
Current, less blatant forms of racism that reflect a combination of anti-African-American attitudes, strong support for traditional American values (especially the work ethic) and a belief that African-Americans violate these values
More subtle – they tend to reject obvious forms of prejudice, but are less accepting of anything different from their “way”
contact hypothesis
- is
- 3
- contact requires?
Prejudice may be reduced through contact between members of majority and minority groups as long as:
- Members have equal levels status and power
- Members have opportunity to disconfirm their negative stereotypes about the other group
- There is support for contact by legislation or institution or leadership
- Contact requires inter-group cooperation to achieve mutual goals
Psychological reactance
When an attempt at social influence causes a person to feel a loss of personal freedom, the person may react by acting in a way that is opposite to what is desired
Jigsaw method
A method of learning in which assignments must be completed by teams with each team member being assigned a different piece of the project. It has been found to improve inter-group relations, cooperation, self esteem and academic achievement for minority groups
Sexual harassment
- is
- cross-culturally
- Unwanted sexual advances or coercion that can occur in the workplace or academic setting
- Varies from culture to culture
