Chapter 10/11

Question 1

social perception

Answer 1

is the process thru which we try to understand others and ourselves; view that ppl acquire judgments, attitudes, beliefs thru socialization exps from their culture

Question 2

Social cognition

• is
• tends to be

Answer 2

process thru which we interpret, remember and use info about world and ourselves; tends to be conservative; we retain our past exps and use them to make todays judgments

Question 3

Attitude (3)

Answer 3

Cognitive (knowledge)
Emotional (how we feel)
Behavioral (how we act)

Question 4

Value

• is?
• two types
• vs. attitudes?

Answer 4

are attitudes that reflect a principle, standard, or quality considered to be most desirable or appropriate; stable and enduring views

1. instrumental value - behavior; Regarding morality and competency
2. terminal value - goal; social and personal concerns
   - values hold more central position than attitudes

Question 5

Schwartz: cultural differences in values

• suggested?
• (3)

Answer 5

Suggested values are connected to ways groups cope with basic societal problems. Three basic issues make social groups diff form another:

1. Extent to which ppl are independent or dependent on groups
2. Their views on prosperity and profit
3. Their views on whether its approp to exploit, fit in, submit to outside world

Question 6

Schwartz 3 types of values

Answer 6

Type 1. Conservative vs. autonomy
Type 2. Heirarchy vs. egalitariansim
Type 3. Mastery vs. Harmony

Question 7

Conservative vs. autonomy

Answer 7

• conservative views belief in status quo, self-discipline, care about family, social order, tradition.
• Autonomy views emphasize right of individual to pursue own ideals and enjoy variety of life for sake of pleasure

Question 8

Hierarchy vs. egalitarianism

Answer 8

• hiearchry values justifiy the legitamcy of unequal distribution of power, resources, and social roles.
• Egalitarians see individuals as equals who have same basic interests and should be treated equally as human beings

Question 9

Mastery vs. Harmony

Answer 9

• mastery values encourage ppl to exercise control over society and exploit its natrual resources, includes ambition and high self-esteem.
• Harmony values based on assuption that the world should be kept as is, preserved/cherished rather than violated and exploited

Question 10

Western vs non-western values

1. western (4)
2. non (3)

Answer 10

most fundamental values of westerners are work, achievement, striving for efficeitncy, and consumption of material goods
−Non-westerners its respect for traditions, reverence to authority, and overall stability

Question 11

Cognitive Dissonance

Answer 11

states ppl exp psychological tension when the percieve a mismatch (dissonance) between attitudes and behavior, two or more decisions, two or more attitudes
Desire to change inconsistent thoughts to foster balance or consistency

Question 12

Dogmatism

Answer 12

is tendnecy to be extremely selective, rigid, inflexible in opinions and subsequent behavior. Powerful alliance of attitudes usually organized around once central idea; this central idea usually causes intolerance toward other people or issues

Question 13

Prejudice and discrimination

- are? (3)

Answer 13

Attitude that consists of an affective component (prejudice), a cognitive component (stereotypes), and a behavioral component (discrimination)

Question 14

Hindsight Bias

Answer 14

Tendency to think you knew something all along after the fact – “I knew it all along phenomena” (hindsight is 20/20)

Question 15

Actor-observer bias

Answer 15

Tendency to attribute our behaviors to situational factors when the consequences are negative but to dispositional factors when the consequences are positive

Question 16

Fundamental attribution error

• is
• based on

Answer 16

When judging another person’s negative behavior, we have the tendency to overestimate dispositional factors and underestimate situational factors
- Based on concept of “belief in a just world” – tendency to view victims as the cause of their own misfortune

Question 17

Self Serving Bias

Answer 17

Tendency to blame external factors for our failures and take credit for our successes

Question 18

symbolic racism

Answer 18

Current, less blatant forms of racism that reflect a combination of anti-African-American attitudes, strong support for traditional American values (especially the work ethic) and a belief that African-Americans violate these values
More subtle – they tend to reject obvious forms of prejudice, but are less accepting of anything different from their “way”

Question 19

contact hypothesis

• is
• 3
• contact requires?

Answer 19

Prejudice may be reduced through contact between members of majority and minority groups as long as:

1. Members have equal levels status and power
2. Members have opportunity to disconfirm their negative stereotypes about the other group
3. There is support for contact by legislation or institution or leadership
   - Contact requires inter-group cooperation to achieve mutual goals

Question 20

Psychological reactance

Answer 20

When an attempt at social influence causes a person to feel a loss of personal freedom, the person may react by acting in a way that is opposite to what is desired

Question 21

Jigsaw method

Answer 21

A method of learning in which assignments must be completed by teams with each team member being assigned a different piece of the project. It has been found to improve inter-group relations, cooperation, self esteem and academic achievement for minority groups

Question 22

Sexual harassment

• is
• cross-culturally

Answer 22

• Unwanted sexual advances or coercion that can occur in the workplace or academic setting
• Varies from culture to culture