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chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Intelligence

  • definition
  • componenets (3)
A
  • Global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, overcome obstacles, adapt to enviro; knowledge, understanding, p-solving, adaptability
  • Possesses cognitive, social, and emotional components
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2
Q

Emotional Intelligence (5)

A
  • Self Awareness, Managing moods, Empathy, Social Skills

Understanding other people

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3
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

Based on experience or accumulated knowledge over years. It declines very slowly as one ages ( closer to what other cultures call wisdom)

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4
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

Ability to solve new problems and engage in some forms of abstract thinking. Declines rapidly with increase in age.

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5
Q

Cultural-fair tests

A

mostly non-verbal and analyze cognitive and analytical abilities. It measures intelligence without relying on knowledge from a specific culture.

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6
Q

Factors that influence intelligence (3)

A
  1. Environment - exposure
  2. Socioeconomic Status
    - Poverty
    - Sub-group norms and aspirations
  3. Family
    - Parent’s level of education
    - Family size
    - Spacing between children
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7
Q

Cognition

  • is?
  • general factor
  • evidence
A

(inseparable to intelligence) a diversified process which person acquires knowledge, (recognition, categorization, thinking, memory)

  • researchers suggested general factor, central cog function that determines level of performance on cog tasks
  • evidence of factor in pos correlations on performance on verbal, spatial, number problems
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8
Q

Thurstone (general factor)

- theory

A

challenged idea of the general factor, instead proposed 3 verbal, math, spatial

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9
Q

Sternberg

  • Theory
  • Most IQ tests
A

Multidimensional structure of intelligence (analytic, creative, practical)
- said most IQ tests measure analytic; analytic probs clearly defined but practical harder bc have to seek additional info with accumulated everyday exps

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10
Q

Gardner’s theory

A

Logical, linguistic, spatial all measure by tests; also special kinds (music, body kinetic, personal intelligence)

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11
Q

Psychometric approach to intelligence

- population’s IQ (%)

A

(most pop in psych) assumption that our intelligence can receive numerical value; most controversial
- approx 95% of pop IQ w/in 2 SD’sof 15; IQ of most somewhere btwn 70 and 130)

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12
Q

History of IQ testing

A

Attempts in US began 100 yrs ago
1921 National Academy of Sciences first national study. Results used to rank immigrants by IQ, first to show evidence that blacks score lower than whites

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13
Q

Ethnic diffs in IQ tests

  • rank of ethnicities
  • african school children
  • IQ racial diffs in early childhood
  • Adoptess IQ
  • Natives & Asians: high scores and low
A
  • Asians score highest, then americans, hispanics, africans
  • score 10-15% lower; avg whites higher than 80% of blacks
  • age 6 asians IQ 107 vs. Americans 103, blacks 89
  • Korean and Vietnames kids adopted into white homes show a increase of 10pts in IQ
  • Verbal in natives lower than others but visio spatial skills high. Asians high on nonverbal but low on verbal
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14
Q

Explaining group diffs in IQ scores

  • Sternberg
  • 2
A
  • Sternberg suggested distinguishing between Intelligence and Intelligent behavior
  • Intelligence is mental process that may result in behavior responses varying from cultural to cultural; certain skills useful in certain cult. contexts.
  • However, certain psych mechanisms of intelligence expected to be similar such as ability to understand problem, prep solution, evaluate outcome.
  • Intelligent behavior’s key element is specific content of such behavior in each stage determined by enviro you live in
  • ppl develop cog skills best adapted to needs of their enviro
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15
Q

Nativist View

- example

A

States most cog phenomena inborn; result of bio programming and enviro perception requires little active construction by humans. Heridity determines depth and scope of intelligence
- Boy in Nepal, Girl in Venz. both expeted to develop same conceptual thinking by age 7

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16
Q

1980’s research on opinions of IQ diffs in ethnicities

A

1% said caused by genetics
45% said both genes and enviro
only 1 in 7 said just enviro

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17
Q

Heredity and IQ: twin study

A

IQ of identical twins raised together or apart correlate +.90 (evidence of heredity’s role)

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18
Q

Enviro conditions affecting physio

A

Bio changes may influence cog. skills

- Iodine defic. areas like Indonesia and Spain may lead to mental abnormalities

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19
Q

Intelligence test bias in certain ethnic groups

  • bias
  • examples:
    1. british kids
    2. blacks
A

Most Int. tests benefit certain ethnic groups bc of test vocab used (internal bias)

  • British kids solved probs more creatively than Asians bc numeric verbal responses used and not typical for asians
  • Blacks perform better on free-word recall tasks when words related to black exps.
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20
Q

IQ tests: general knowledge

- ex

A

Most Int. tests contain sections on general knowledge; based on events that take place in particular cultural enviro (our literacy is cultural based)

21
Q

Popular view in psychology on influence of intellectual skills

A

intellectual skills influenced by external environment factors (avail. of resources, variety of perceptual exps., fam climate, edu, access to books and travel, presence of magical beliefs)

22
Q

Raven study of training

A
  • Training can increase test scores

found students encouraged to do complex cog. tasks improved on self-direction, understanding, competence

23
Q

Acquisition of mental functions

  • acquisition
  • 3 examples
A

depends on enviro interactions

  • Merchants better at cog. tasks of p-solving than African tailors
  • Brazil kids who sell fruit able to do fin. operations in head but not on paper
  • Euro kids viewed pics and described as sequence of events, blacks not exposed to comics reported them as single instant in time
24
Q

Cognitive skills and survival

  • survival
  • exs: hunt/gath & agric societies
A

Cog. skills play crucial role in survival so certain skills develop earlier than others
- Children in hunt/gath societies develop spat. reasoning skills earlier than agric. societies; agric’s have better understanding of weight, volume, than traveling nomads

25
Q

Enviro factors influence on mental operations

- factor

A

Enviro factors influence mental operations (planning abilities)
- one factor is stability of enviro
In stable enviro’s most changes predictable; when changes unpredictable they lack planning skills. Lack of systematic schooling may contribute to slow develop of planning skills

26
Q

IQ and SES

  • parents
  • developing countries
A

IQ is + correlated with SES; revealed early in age

  • child’s IQ and parent’s SES correlated
  • SES has bigger effect on developing countries than Indust. due to smaller gap btwn rich and poor in Indust.
27
Q

% in poverty

  • links
  • income level and proficiency
A

US census; 18% children below poverty line

  • links btwn breast feeding, nutrition and cog. performance
  • families making less than 37,000 less prof. in math and reading
28
Q

2003, Indian immigrant children

  • reason?
  • less successful immigrant
  • reason for immigrant diffs?
A

outperformed all students at school; due to immigrant parents starting with low wage jobs and see edu as key to success so pay more attention to their school

  • Hispanic parents
  • due to reasons why family migrated; escape violence, improved eco cond.
29
Q

IQ and birth order

- reason

A

Studies show IQ declines in birth order
- little to do with bio factors; every immature member develops intelligence linked to older members ( 1st born has advantage, intellect enviro of them is superior to 2nd)

30
Q

Bell Curve Principle

- disproportionate

A

Norm. distribution of IQ scores in population divided into 3 categories (low, avg, high)
- In US ppl with hi IQs disproportionately repped among doctors ect. Low dis repped by prisoners, welfare, single moms

31
Q

Hernstein & Murray

A

2 polls of ppl have been constructed over years; one with hi and one with low IQs; former placed in advantage

32
Q

Ethnocentric perspective of p-solving process

  • features
  • society diffs
  • agriculture societies
  • diff in cognitive styles btwn Western and Asians
  • Western infants
  • Diffs in reasoning styles (pics) btwn Chinese and Americans
A

most valuable features are: analytical, rational skills, and quick reasoning

  • Some societies holistic; emphasize imp. of whole rather than analytic, careful reflection rather than promptness
  • Collective discussion rather than individualism preferred cog. style
  • Asians more holistic, objects interconnected. West pay more attention to details
  • West infants learn nouns faster than verbs; Asians learn verbs faster
  • Chinese organize pics in relational and less categorical ways than Americans
33
Q

America’s emphasizing cognitive skills (2)

- others

A

Memorization, p-solving

others use motivation, social/practical skills

34
Q

Explanation of diffs in values of intelligence between blacks and whites

  • blacks
  • whites
  • Baldwin: non-african theory of behavior
A

Boykin: suggests blacks don’t accept materialistic beliefs but influence of nonmaterial forces; appreciate high levels of stimulation and emotions. Black cultural rooted in spirituality, harmony, verbal communication

  • value rationality, calculation, discipline, individ., achievement
  • focuses on role of gratification of desires vs. black’s goal of human behavior is survival
35
Q

Cognitive style

  • is?
  • individ. vs. collect
A

Way ppl organize and comprehend world

  • Individualists are more field independent and autonomous in problem solving (US, Germany)
  • Collectivists are more field dependent and attentive to external references in their problem solving
36
Q

Field dependent

A

learner more attentive to external references, contexts, instructions

37
Q

Field independent

A

learners more autonomous in learning and solving problems

38
Q

Study of 178 black and white students

A
  • Blacks more spontaneous, flexible, open-minded, less structured in percep of events
  • Whites use self-reg., judgmental, less open-minded
39
Q

US academic study of F dep vs. F Ind

A

Field independent more successful

40
Q

Types of cognitive processes -4

A
  1. recognization 2. categorization 3. thinking 4. memory
41
Q

Classification

- universal

A

One of most universal classifications is cognitive distinction made btwn plants and animals. importance of object/animal and familiarity with them most signf. factor influencing classification

42
Q

Sorting

  • we use?
  • universal?
  • cultural groups
A

Generally we use dimension of categorization; concepts or characteristics

  • linguists suggest many categories used in sorting universal
  • tend to categorize objects in terms of cult. exps.
43
Q

Memory and cultural groups

  • Madler
  • diffs
  • study of Austraian and Asian students
A

Madler found few diffs in recall between US and liberians

  • however common recall doesn’t mean common patterns in what is recalled or how fast processed (cultural, social, edu exps affect what we remember)
  • Asked to give info about dreams: austraians gave more elaborate self-focused ones, Asians involved other ppl
44
Q

Formal reasoning vs. Empirical reasoning

- illiterate peasants of Uzbekistan

A

basic cognitive operation based on abstract analysis of given premises and deriving conclusion from them (sensitive to systematic schooling)

  • drawn from everyday experiences
  • able to understand empirical (objects observable) but failed to do formal reasoning (assumptions/imagination)
45
Q

Math in C-C research

A

Many studies focus on math bc good sense of reasoning ability and math symbols neutral in most cultures

46
Q

Creativity

  • 2 types of process in creative thinking
  • creativity in C-C psych (ex)
  • cultural exps and creativity
A

originality, ability to produce valued outcomes in novel way; process of brining into being something novel and useful

  1. Generative 2. Explanatory
    - look at role of culture in creativity focusing on social factors (parent support+post. stimulation good predictor of creativity) Mex children in eco adv. more creative
    - cult. exps. may help or hinder creativity: when person only exposed to one cult. learned routines and conventional knowledge may limit creative growth. Mulit cultural exps + related to sampling ideas from cultures (doesn’t improve creativity unless open to exp)
47
Q

Low effort syndrome

- reason for syndrome? (2)

A

low level of motivation on Intel. tests based on belief tests are biased and results not important for success in life (coping strategy)

  • 2 kinds of minorities:
    1. Immigrant minorities who come from voluntary for better opportuns, make use of academic achievement as cond. for success
    2. Caste minorities came to US thru slavery or forced
48
Q

Flynn Effect

A

tendency of continuous and steady worldwide rise in intelligence test performance; mainly in developing countries

  • 3 pt increase every 10 yrs
  • every new generation differ from 6-9 pts
49
Q

Contemporary psychologist view of essential elements of intelligence

  1. most essential
  2. intelligence is
    - chomsky (3)
A
  • most essential are higher level abilities (reasoning, p-solving, d-making)
  • Intelligence not just reaction to changes in enviro but global capacity to learn about it
  • in 70’s he critized approach to intelligence; approach based on assumption that ppl success based on money. However some countries value social accomplishment based on survival skills. Inlcudes 1. ability to carry on with limited resources 2. adapt to enviro 3. change enviro

Cross-Cultural (12 decks)

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