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Astronomy > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Whats in the earth’s interior?

A

1) Core
2) Mantle
3) Crust

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2
Q

Differentiation =

A

means everything moved because of density

  • gravity pulls high density material to center
  • lower density material rises to surface
  • material separates by density
  • needs a molten interior!!!
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3
Q

Lithosphere =

A

Stonesphere!

  • planets outer layer of cool, rigid, rock
  • it floats on the warmer, softer rock that lies beneathe
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4
Q

Whats the most important heat source today?

A

Radioactive Decay

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5
Q

what caused the heating of the interior over time?`

A

accretion and differentiation when planets were young

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6
Q

What part of earths interior has the lowest density?

A

Crust made of granite, basalt, etc (in outer part!)

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7
Q

what part of earths interior has the highest density?

A

Core made of nickel and iron

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8
Q

what part of earths interior has moderate density?

A

Mantle made of silicon, oxygen, etc

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9
Q

Convection ______ heat as hot material ______ and _______ and _____ material contacts and falls.

A
  • transports
  • expands & rises
  • cool material
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10
Q

_________ transfers heat from hot material to cool material

A

Conduction

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11
Q

_________ sends energy into space

A

Radiation

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12
Q

what cools off faster a big terrestrial planet or a tiny terrestrial planet?

A

a tiny terrestrial planet

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13
Q

smaller worlds cool off ____ and harden _____

A

faster, earlier

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14
Q

what does the moon and mercury have in common?

A

they’re both geologically dead

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15
Q

what does a strong magnetic field need?

A

reasonable strong rotation and molten metallic core

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16
Q

whats the geological process?

A
  • impact cratering
  • volcanism
  • tectonics
  • erosion
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17
Q

what is volcanism?

A

eruption of molten rock onto surface

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18
Q

what is impact cratering?

A

impacts by steroids or comets

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19
Q

what are tectonics?

A

disruption of a planets surface by internal stress

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20
Q

what is erosion?

A

surfaces changes made by wind, water or ice

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21
Q

craters are how many times wider than the impactor?

A

10

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22
Q

when did most cratering happen?

A

soon after the solar system formed

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23
Q

small craters greatly outnumber what?

A

large craters

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24
Q

when does volcanism happen?

A

when molten rock finds it sway through the lithosphere to the surface

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25
Q

what is molten rock called after it reaches the surface?

A

lava

26
Q

what is outgassing?

A

when volcanism also releases gases from earths interior into the atmosphere ( mostly co2)

27
Q

erosion is a weather driven process that

A

breaks down or transports rock

28
Q

what are tectonic forces?

A

convection of the mantle that creates stress in the crust

29
Q

what makes mountain ranges?

A

compression forces

30
Q

where can the valley form?

A

where the crust is pulled apart

31
Q

why is there collisions or separations?

A

bc of movement in the interior

32
Q

all xray light is ______ very high in the atmosphere

A

absorbed

33
Q

what is Ultraviolet light absorbed by?

A

ozone

34
Q

what is greenhouse effect?

A

when certain molecules let sunlight in but trap escaping infrared photons

35
Q

whats a greenhouse gas?

A

any gas that absorbs infrared

36
Q

a greenhouse gas are molecules with two types of what?

A

elements (co2, h2o,ch4)

37
Q

why is the sky blue?

A

atmosphere scatters blue light from the sun, making it appear to come from different directions

38
Q

why are sunsets red?

A

bc less of the red light from the sun is scattered

39
Q

what do they believe flooded lunar craters creating lunar maria?

A

volcanic activity 3 billion years ago

40
Q

the smooth regions in mercury are likely…

A

ancient lave flows

41
Q

whats the largest impact crater on mercury?

A

Caloris Basis (end of Solar system formation)

42
Q

Region ______ the Caloris Basin is ______ from seismic energy of impact

A

opposite,

jumbled

43
Q

what do long cliff on mercury indicate?

A

that it shrank early in its history

44
Q

mercurys mantle and core shrank causing

A

its crust to contract

45
Q

mars is ____% of earths radius and ____ % mass?

A

50% radius, 10% mass

MARS IS SMALLER

46
Q

how far is venus from sun?

A

1.5 AU

47
Q

thin atmosphere means

A

little green house effect (cold)

48
Q

the elliptical orbit makes

A

the southern hemispheres seasons more extreme

49
Q

climate change on mars

A
  • no surface water
  • lost most of its atmosphere
  • greenhouse effect probably kept the surface warmer before that
50
Q

no magnetic field in mars because…

A

the core is cold

51
Q

Describe the atmosphere of Venus

A

very thick carbon dioxide atmosphere

-surface pressure 90x that of earth

52
Q

greenhouse effect on venus

A
  • thick carbon atmosphere produces extremely strong greenhouse effect
  • most of earths carbon and water are in the oceans and rocks
53
Q

What unique features of earthare important to life

A
  • surface liquid water
  • atmospheric oxygen
  • plate tectonics
  • climate stability
54
Q

what makes surface liquid possible?

A

earths distance from the sun and moderate greenhouse effects

55
Q

what makes atmospheric oxygen?

A

photosynthesis

56
Q

why are plate tectonics a unique feature important for life?

A

plate tectonics are an important step in the carbon dioxide cycle

57
Q

what can motion of the continents be measured with?

A

GPS (a few centimeters per year)

58
Q

what is subduction?

A

a process which seafloor is recycled.

-seafloor descends into the mantle below crust

59
Q

carbon dioxide cycle

A
  • co2 dissolves in rainwater
  • rain erodes mineral that flow into the ocean
  • minerals combine with carbon to make rocks on ocean floor
  • subduction carries carbonate rocks down into mantle
  • rock melts into mantle and outgases co2 back into atmosphere through volcanoes
60
Q

what makes the planet habitable?

A

large enough for geological activity to release and retain water and atmosphere
-optimal distance

61
Q

planetary destiny

A

it is at right distance from the sun so oceans could form

Astronomy (6 decks)

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