Chapter 7-2

Question 1

Bowlby’s 4 Phases of Attachment

Answer 1

Preattachment phase
Attachment-in-the making
Clear-cut attachment
Reciprocal relationships

Question 2

Episode in the Strange Situation

Answer 2

Slide 14

Question 3

Secure attachment

Answer 3

Baby uses parent as a secure base, express clear pressure when parent returns.

Question 4

Avoidant Attachment

Answer 4

Baby seems unresponsive to paren, and slow to greet parent on reunion.

Question 5

Insecure-resistant attachment

Answer 5

Baby seeks closeness to parent, and is distressed or angry when parent returns.

Question 6

Factors that Affect Attachment Security

Answer 6

Measuring Attachment Security:Responses to the Strange Situation
Quality of caregiving: sensitive caregiving, infant characteristic
Family circumstances
parent’s internal working models

Question 7

Quality of caregiving
Sensitive caregiving:

Answer 7

Responding promptly, consistently, and appropriately. Holding tenderly and carefully.

Question 8

Powerful Role of Paternal Warmth in Development

Answer 8

Father’s sensitive caregiving (though less strongly than mothers’) predicts attachment security.

Question 9

Powerful Role of Paternal Warmth in Development

Answer 9

Fathers often build attachments through sensitive play, which predicts children’s favorable emotional and social adjustment.

Question 10

Sibling Relationships

Answer 10

To promote affectionate sibling relationships, parents should
spend extra time with the older child.
handle sibling misbehavior patiently.
discuss the baby’s wants and needs.
express positive emotions toward their partner.
engage in joint problem-solving.

Question 11

Self-Awareness

Answer 11

Beginnings
Explicit self-awareness: Self-recognition and body self-awareness

Question 12

Beginnings

Answer 12

Infants’ sense of being physically distinct from surroundings
Implicit sense of self–world differentiation

Question 13

Self-recognition

Answer 13

: Identification of the self as a physically unique being

Question 14

Explicit body self-awareness

Answer 14

Realization that one’s own body can serve as an obstacle.

Question 15

Influences on Self-Awareness

Answer 15

Gains in self-awareness and cultural awareness

Question 16

Gain in self-awareness results from

Answer 16

acting on the environment
sensitive caregivig

Question 17

Cultural variations

Answer 17

Autonomous child-rearing goals: expressing one’s own interests and preferences
Relational child-rearing goals: compliance and sharing

Question 18

Categorizing the Self

Answer 18

age (“baby,” “boy,” “man”).
sex (“boy,” “girl”).
physical characteristics (“big,” “strong”).
goodness and badness (“I good girl”).
Toddlers use their limited categorical understanding to organize their own behavior

Question 19

Self-Control

Answer 19

Effortful control: ability to inhibit impulses and manage negative emotion
Compliance (12–18 months):
Toddlers show clear awareness of caregivers’ wishes and expectations.
Assertiveness and opposition occur alongside eager, willing compliance.
Delay of gratification: influenced by temperament and quality of caregiving.