Chapter 7-2 Flashcards
Bowlby’s 4 Phases of Attachment
Preattachment phase
Attachment-in-the making
Clear-cut attachment
Reciprocal relationships
Episode in the Strange Situation
Slide 14
Secure attachment
Baby uses parent as a secure base, express clear pressure when parent returns.
Avoidant Attachment
Baby seems unresponsive to paren, and slow to greet parent on reunion.
Insecure-resistant attachment
Baby seeks closeness to parent, and is distressed or angry when parent returns.
Factors that Affect Attachment Security
Measuring Attachment Security:Responses to the Strange Situation
Quality of caregiving: sensitive caregiving, infant characteristic
Family circumstances
parent’s internal working models
Quality of caregiving
Sensitive caregiving:
Responding promptly, consistently, and appropriately. Holding tenderly and carefully.
Powerful Role of Paternal Warmth in Development
Father’s sensitive caregiving (though less strongly than mothers’) predicts attachment security.
Powerful Role of Paternal Warmth in Development
Fathers often build attachments through sensitive play, which predicts children’s favorable emotional and social adjustment.
Sibling Relationships
To promote affectionate sibling relationships, parents should
spend extra time with the older child.
handle sibling misbehavior patiently.
discuss the baby’s wants and needs.
express positive emotions toward their partner.
engage in joint problem-solving.
Self-Awareness
Beginnings
Explicit self-awareness: Self-recognition and body self-awareness
Beginnings
Infants’ sense of being physically distinct from surroundings
Implicit sense of self–world differentiation
Self-recognition
: Identification of the self as a physically unique being
Explicit body self-awareness
Realization that one’s own body can serve as an obstacle.
Influences on Self-Awareness
Gains in self-awareness and cultural awareness
Gain in self-awareness results from
acting on the environment
sensitive caregivig
Cultural variations
Autonomous child-rearing goals: expressing one’s own interests and preferences
Relational child-rearing goals: compliance and sharing
Categorizing the Self
age (“baby,” “boy,” “man”).
sex (“boy,” “girl”).
physical characteristics (“big,” “strong”).
goodness and badness (“I good girl”).
Toddlers use their limited categorical understanding to organize their own behavior
Self-Control
Effortful control: ability to inhibit impulses and manage negative emotion
Compliance (12–18 months):
Toddlers show clear awareness of caregivers’ wishes and expectations.
Assertiveness and opposition occur alongside eager, willing compliance.
Delay of gratification: influenced by temperament and quality of caregiving.
