Chapter 1 Terms

Question 1

Nature

Answer 1

Inborn, biological. Based on genetic inheritance

Question 2

Nurture

Answer 2

Physical and social world. Influences biological and psychological development

Question 3

Psychoanalytic

Answer 3

What leads to personality development?
Inner mental processes, conscious and unconscious
Have a psycho-social element explaining the connection between the mind and relationships with others
Tend to be more theoretical and harder to test

Question 4

Behaviorism

Answer 4

Directly observable events are the focus of study
Classical conditioning: stimulus-response
Adults can shape the child’s behaviors.
May be missing the biological elements in physiological response to fear

Question 5

Social learning theory

Answer 5

Modeling, imitation, and observational learning.
Behaviorism may be underestimating child’s contribution to their own development and important environmental influences.

Question 6

Cognitive Developmental Theory

Answer 6

Children move through stages of cognitive awareness and change their faulty thinking as they have new experiences and as their brains develop
Children are active learners and can hold rich structures of knowledge
His theory may have underestimated younger children when they are given more relevant tasks. Maturity of thinking depends on complexity of knowledge being tested and familiarity

Question 7

Classical Conditioning

Answer 7

stimulus-response
Adults can shape the child’s behaviors.
May be missing the biological elements in physiological response to fear

Question 8

Operant Conditioning

Answer 8

Reinforcers and Punishments

Still most used in parent training interventions

Give attention to behaviors you want to see, ignore those you don’t want to see

May not address emotional development though

Question 9

Ecological Systems Theory

Answer 9

views the child as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment

Question 10

Mesosystem

Answer 10

encompasses connections between microsystems, such as home, school, neighborhood, and child- care center.

Question 11

Exosystem

Answer 11

consists of social settings that do not contain children but that nevertheless a#ect children’s experiences in immediate settings.

Question 12

Macrosystem

Answer 12

consists of cultural values, laws, customs, and resources

Question 13

Chronosystem

Answer 13

Time