Chapter 7 Flashcards
What are the 2 classifications of vitamins?
Fat soluble: A, D, E, K
Water soluble: B, C
Describe fat soluble vitamins
Dissolve in lipid
Require bile for absorption
Transported in lymph
Stored in tissues (eg. liver, adipose)
May be toxic in excess
Caution with supplements
Describe water soluble vitamins
Dissolve in water
Easily absorbed and excreted
Not stored extensively in tissues
Seldom toxic levels
What are the best food sources for Vitamin A?
Beef liver, fish oil, milk (fortified), dark orange & green vegetables (Beta-carotene)
What are symptoms of Vitamin A deficiency?
Blindness
Impaired bone growth, decayed teeth
Impaired immune function
Keratin lumps on skin
What are toxicity symptoms of Vitamin A?
Stunted growth, muscle/bone soreness
Edema, fatigue, blurred vision
Anorexia, nausea, diarrhea
Skin disorders, rashes, itching
What is Vitamin A essential for?
Gene expression
Immune defences
Vision
Bone growth
Epithelial tissue
Reproduction
What are the functions of Vitamin D?
Regulation of blood Ca & P
Immune system
Functions as hormone
What are sources of Vitamin D?
Fortified milk, margarine, eggs, butter, fish, sunlight
What can Vitamin D deficiency lead to?
Bone disease
Rickets (children)
Osteomalacia (adults)
What are the functions of Vitamin E?
Acts as antioxidant in cell membranes
Integrity of cells exposed to high oxygen concentrations
What are the functions of Vitamin K?
Blood clotting and bone protein synthesis
What are the functions of Vitamin C?
Maintenance of collagen/CT
Antioxidant protection
Supports immune function
Promotes iron absorption
Restores Vitamin E to active form
What are the main food sources of Vitamin C?
Fruits (especially citrus), vegetables
What can happen with Vitamin C deficiency?
Scurvy
List the B Vitamins
Thiamin (B1)
Riboflavin (B2)
Niacin (B3)
Pantothenic acid (B5)
Pyridoxine (B6)
Biotin (B7)
Folate (B9)
Cobalamin (B12)
Give the functions and food sources of Thiamin B1
Functions: energy metabolism in all cells, nerve processes and muscles
Sources: pork, legumes, seeds, whole-grains
Riboflavin B2 is widespread in most foods. What are its main functions?
Energy metabolism in all cells
Supports vision and skin health
Niacin B3 functions as energy metabolism in all cells. What are its main food sources?
Enriched and whole grains
Leafy greens, mushrooms
Meat, fish, eggs, legumes
Milk/milk products
What are the functions and main food sources of Folate B9?
Functions: new cell synthesis, growth and early embryonic life
Food sources: leafy greens, asparagus, fruit, legumes, seeds, liver
Who are most at risk for Folate B9 deficiency?
Pregnant women
Older adults
Alcoholics
Smokers
Cobalamin B12 mainly comes from animal origin. What are its main functions?
Myelin sheath in nerve fibres
Coenzyme in energy and AA metabolism
What are the functions of Pyridoxine B6?
AA and protein development
FA metabolism
Synthesis of hemoglobin and nt
Synthesis of niacin from tryptophan
Fetal development
Immune function and steroid hormone activity
What are the functions of Biotin B7 and Pantothenic Acid B5?
They both are involved in energy metabolism
Vitamins are regulated as Natural Health Products (NHPs). What does this include?
Vitamins & minerals
Herbal remedies
Homeopathic medicines
Chinese traditional medicines
Probiotics
AAs
They must be safe for over-the-counter and be available for self-care and self-selection
What do all approved vitamin supplement products have?
• A natural product number (NPN)
OR
• A drug identification number
- homeopathic medicine
(DIN-HM)
