Chapter 7 Flashcards
What are primary emotions, and when do they begin to develop?
Primary emotions are present at birth and include happiness (laughter), surprise, sadness, anger, and fear.
Describe social smile and its significance in emotional development.
Social smile, occurring around 2-6 months, is a true smile that develops in response to social, visual, and tactile stimuli.
What are the stages of separation anxiety?
Separation anxiety begins around 6-12 months, peaking at 15 months, and involves fear and distress when separated from caregivers.
Define emotional regulation and its two types in infants.
Emotional regulation is an individual’s control over their emotional state, starting as co-regulation with parents and transitioning to self-regulation as the child matures.
What is social referencing, and when does it begin?
Social referencing begins around 6 months and involves infants using their parents’ facial and voice cues to gauge how to react to situations.
What are secondary emotions, and when do they develop?
Secondary emotions develop after 18 months and include shame, embarrassment, guilt, envy, pride, and an advanced form of disgust.
Explain the concept of attachment and its impact on emotional development.
Attachment is an enduring emotional relationship between a child and caregiver, critical for survival and impacting mental health outcomes and emotional regulation.
What is the internal working model of attachment, and how does it influence a child?
The internal working model is a set of expectations about a caregiver’s responsiveness and availability, affecting a child’s attachment style and self-perception.
Describe the categories of attachment and their impact on emotional health.
Categories include secure attachment (low anxiety and avoidance), avoidant attachment (low anxiety, high avoidance), anxious/resistant attachment (high anxiety, low avoidance), and disorganized attachment (high anxiety and avoidance).
How does parenting style influence attachment quality?
Sensitive caregiving, characterized by consistency and responsiveness, promotes secure attachment, while inconsistent or unresponsive caregiving may lead to insecure attachment.
What is intergenerational continuity in attachment, and how does it occur?
Intergenerational continuity is the transmission of attachment styles across generations, influenced by parents’ internal working models and parenting skills.
What are temperaments, and what are the three contemporary styles?
Temperaments are a child’s disposition in learning, emotional reactions, and sociability. The three contemporary styles are emotional reaction, activity, and sociability.
Describe the types of temperament and their characteristics.
Types include easy (calm, happy, adaptable), slow to warm up (inactive, reflective, cautious), and difficult (fussy, irregular, fearful).
How do genetics, hormones, and parenting styles influence temperament?
Temperament is influenced by genetics (as seen in twin studies), hormonal factors, and parenting styles, with different parenting approaches shaping children’s temperaments.
What are the types of play in early childhood?
Types include nonsocial play (solitary), parallel play (playing side-by-side), and simple social play (interactive play with others).
