Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is the Maturational Theory?
Arnold Gesell’s theory stating that children learn based on a “planned” biological concept, making teaching less necessary.
Who is G. Stanley Hall and what did he base his work on?
Stanley Hall wanted to reconstruct psychology to include the study of children and based his work on evolutionary biology and Charles Darwin.
What is the Ethological Theory?
The Ethological Theory focuses on adaptive behaviors and critical periods of learning during which certain behaviors can only be learned.
What is imprinting, and who introduced the concept?
Imprinting is the process of learning behaviors during critical periods; Konrad Lorenz introduced the concept.
What does Psychodynamic Theory emphasize?
Psychodynamic Theory emphasizes early experiences establishing lifelong and enduring patterns.
What are Freud’s three levels of the mind?
Conscious (present thoughts), preconscious (things that can be brought into conscious awareness), and unconscious (a reservoir of things outside of conscious awareness).
What are Freud’s three structures governing personality?
Ego (practical, rational), Superego (“moral” agent), and Id (basic instincts like hunger and libido).
Describe Freud’s stages of psychosexual development.
Oral (0-18 months, mouth gratification), Anal (18-36 months, feces release/withholding), Phallic (3-6 years, genitalia), Latency (6 years to puberty, libido suppression), and Genital (puberty to adulthood, attraction to the opposite sex).
What are Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages?
Trust vs Mistrust, Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt, Initiative vs Doubt, Industry vs Inferiority, Identity vs Role Confusion, Intimacy vs Isolation, Generativity vs Stagnation, Integrity vs Despair.
Define classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
Classical conditioning (Ivan Pavlov and John Watson) involves associating stimuli with responses, while operant conditioning (B.F. Skinner) involves reinforcing or punishing behaviors to influence their occurrence.
What is Albert Bandura known for, and what experiment did he conduct?
Albert Bandura is known for Social Cognitive Theory and conducted the Bobo Doll Experiment.
What is Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory?
Jean Piaget’s theory explores how children think and how their thinking changes over time.
What does the Contextual Theory propose?
Contextual Theory suggests that larger contextual systems beyond immediate environments influence children.
What is Lev Vygotsky known for?
Lev Vygotsky is known for Sociocultural Theory.
What is Urie Bronfenbrenner known for?
Urie Bronfenbrenner is known for the Ecological Theory.
