Chapter 12 Flashcards
What cognitive stage is described by Piaget’s theory for children ages 7 to 11 years, and what are its characteristics?
The Concrete Operational stage, where children move beyond 1D thought and use mental operations for systematic thinking. They develop identity, compensation, reversibility, conservation, seriation, transitivity, and class inclusion.
How do children’s memory and recall improve in the concrete operational stage?
Children use better strategies such as rehearsal, mnemonics, and associations. They become better at organizing information, including schemas and scripts, and their recall improves due to temporal clustering.
What was the outcome of the Sam Stone study (Leichtman & Ceci, 1995), and how did it show memory errors in children?
The study showed younger children (3/4 years) and older preschoolers (5/6 years) exhibited memory errors, especially when influenced by stereotypes and suggestions.
What are the pitfalls of children’s memory, and how can children be helped to remember better?
Young children may leave out important info, be influenced by later events, and be prone to suggestion. To help them remember, encourage deep thinking and ask neutral questions.
What are the seven intelligences in Gardner’s theory?
Linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal.
What is Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of intelligence?
It consists of three components: componential (analytical), experiential (creative), and contextual (practical) intelligence.
How do boys and girls differ in intellectual abilities and achievement?
Girls typically excel in verbal skills, while boys usually excel in spatial skills and mental rotation. Training can eliminate differences.
What are the challenges North American students face in math skills?
North American students rank lower in math compared to other countries due to less time in school, less homework, and potential cultural factors.
How does reading comprehension improve in middle childhood?
Improvements occur through changes in working memory and increased general knowledge, aiding in recognizing letters, sounds, and words, as well as improving overall comprehension.
