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Psychology 104 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

hyperthymestic syndrome

A

perfect memory, limited to autobiographical memory

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2
Q

sensory memory

A

first in the line-up, brief storage of perceptual info before it passes raw info to STM, “buffer” area, buys brain extra time to process incoming sensations, each sense uses its own form of sensory memory

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3
Q

iconic memory

A

sensory memory that applies to vision, memories only last a second

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4
Q

echoic memory

A

sensory memory that applies to hearing, lasts 5-10 sec

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5
Q

eidetic imagery

A

photographic memory

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6
Q

Sperlings findings

A

our iconic memories fade so quickly that we can’t access the info before it disappears

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7
Q

short term memory

A

system of memory that retains info for a brief period of time, 5-10 sec

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8
Q

working memory

A

our ability to hold onto info we are currently thinking about, attending to, or processing actively

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9
Q

decay

A

fading of memories, old ones are replaced by new ones

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10
Q

interference

A

memories get in the way of each other

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11
Q

retroactive interference

A

when learning something new hampers earlier learning (new interferes with old)

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12
Q

proactive interference

A

when earlier learning gets into he way of new learning (old interferes with new)

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13
Q

magic number

A

George Miller; span of short term memory, 7 plus or minus 2 items

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14
Q

chunking

A

a mnemonic, organizing material into meaningful groups

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15
Q

rehersal

A

reapting info mentally or out loud

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16
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

repeating stimuli in their original form

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17
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

linking stimuli to each other in meaningful ways to improve retention of info in STM

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18
Q

levels of processing

A

the more deeply we process info, the better we remember it, 3 levels of processing verbal info; visual(most shallow level), phonological(sound-related), and semantic (meaning related)(deepest level)

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19
Q

Long term memory

A

our relatively enduring store of info (facts, experiences, skills)

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20
Q

permastore

A

permanent long term memory

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21
Q

LT vs ST memory errors

A

LT-semantic errors, ST- acoustic errors

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22
Q

primacy effect

A

tendency to remember stimuli early in a list, reflects operation of long term memory

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23
Q

recency effect

A

tendency to remember stimuli later in a list, reflects working short term memory

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24
Q

serial position curve

A

depicts primary/recency effects

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25
Q

semantic memory

A

“know what memory”, our knowledge of facts about the world, activate left frontal cortex

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26
Q

episodic memory

A

recollection of events in our lives, activates right frontal cortex

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27
Q

explicit/declarative memory

A

process of recalling info intentionally (includes semantic/episodic memory), requires effort

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28
Q

implicit memory

A

process of recalling info we don’t remember deliberately, doesn’t require effort. (ex. unlocking a door) includes habituation, classical conditioning, other forms of learning, includes procedural and priming memory

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29
Q

procedural memory

A

memory for motor skills and habits, “know how” memory

30
Q

priming

A

our ability to identify a stimulus more easily when we’ve previously encountered similar stimuli

31
Q

encoding

A

process of getting info into our memory banks

32
Q

pegword method

A

mnemonic, involves rhyming

33
Q

method of loci

A

imagery of locations

34
Q

keyword method

A

used when learning new languages, associate an English word that sounds like the foreign word with the meaning of the word

35
Q

storage

A

process of keeping info in memory

36
Q

schema

A

organized knowledge structure/mental mode that we’ve store in our memories ex. eating at a restaurant

37
Q

retrieval

A

process of retrieving info from long term memory

38
Q

retrieval cue

A

hints that make it easier for us to recall info

39
Q

recall

A

generating previously remembered info on our own

40
Q

recognition

A

selecting previously remembered info from an array of options

41
Q

relearning

A

how much faster we relearn vs. learning something for the first time

42
Q

distributed versus massed practice

A

Ebbinghaus; we tend to remember things better in the long run when we spread our learning over long intervals than when we pack it into short intervals

43
Q

tip of the tongue phenomenon

A

when we are sure we know something but can’t come up with it, positively biased

44
Q

encoding specificity

A

we are more likely to remember something when the conditions present at encoding are also present at retrieval

45
Q

context dependent learning

A

when external context present at encoding are present at retrieval, we recall better

46
Q

state dependent learning

A

when internal context present at encoding is present at retrieval we remember better (physiological/psychological state)mood dependent learning

47
Q

retrospective bias

A

current psychological state can distort memories of our past

48
Q

engram

A

physical trace of each memory in the brain

49
Q

long term potentiation

A

gradual strengthening of neural connections by repetitive stimulation, underlying process of creating memories, when a strong stimulus is applied multiple times, hippocampal neurons respond at an enhanced level to ordinary stimuli

50
Q

biology of LTP

A

when a neuron receives 2 signals in rapid succession, the 2nd one triggers LTP, triggering biochemical reactions that make the neuron more sensitive

51
Q

Where does LTP occur?

A

at synapses where the sending neuron is releases glutamate, enhances glutamate release, glutamate bins with receptors of NMDA and AMPA, resulting in enhanced learning

52
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

loose memories from the past

53
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

loose capacity to form new memories

54
Q

Amygdala role in memories

A

emotional component of memories

55
Q

hippocampus

A

factual component of memories, damage impaired explicit memories but leaves implicit memory intact

56
Q

adrenaline/norepinephrine roles in memory

A

released in the face of stress and stimulate protein receptors on nerve cells which solidifies emotional memories

57
Q

causes of senility

A

Alzheimer’s disease, accumulations of many small strokes in brain, deterioration in frontal/temporal lobes

58
Q

Alzheimer brain structure changes

A

enlargement of ventricles, severe loss of cortex in areas involved in language/memory, senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles

59
Q

chemical changes in Alzheimer’s brain

A

loss of synapses, dell of hippocampal cells and cells in the cerebral cortex, death of actelycholine neurons in forebrain

60
Q

meta-memory skills

A

knowledge about ones’ memory abilities and limitations

61
Q

memory

A

retention of information over time

62
Q

guided imagery

A

imaging past events

63
Q

flashbulb memory

A

emotional memory that is very vivid and detailed, don’t decay over time

64
Q

phantom flashbulb memory

A

most flashbulb memories are false

65
Q

suggestive memory techniques

A

procedures that strongly encourage people to recall memories, often creates false memories

66
Q

misinformation effect

A

providing people with misleading info after an event can create false memories

67
Q

source monitoring confusion

A

lack of clarity about the origin of a memory

68
Q

imagination inflation

A

confusing an event we imagined with one that happened in real life (source monitoring error)

69
Q

cryptomnesia

A

when we mistakenly forget that one of “our” ideas originated with someone else

70
Q

amnesia memory discrepancy

A

ppl with amnesia for explicit memory still form new procedural memories

Psychology 104 (7 decks)

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