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Psychology 104 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Glial cells

A

Support neurons and neuronal functioning, enhances learning and memory, removes waste, creates blood-brain barrier and myelin sheath, responds to injury

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2
Q

Astrocytes

A

make up brain blood barrier

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3
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

make up the myelin shealth in some axons

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4
Q

Synapse

A

gap between neurons where info is transmitted

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5
Q

synaptic vessicles

A

contain neurotransmitters

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6
Q

Dendrites

A

receive information

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7
Q

Axon

A

send information to other neurons

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8
Q

Axon terminals

A

contain synaptic vesicles which release neurotransmitters into the synapse

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9
Q

Soma

A

cell body, manufactures new proteins/cell components, contains nuclei

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10
Q

myelin sheath

A

insulates axon and increases speed of electrical transmission

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11
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

gaps in the myelin sheath

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12
Q

Explain the process of an action potential

A

when a neuron is stimulated it begins to depolarize due to potassium and sodium diffusing across the membrane. Once membrane potential reaches threshold( -55mV), the neuron fires an action potential. The neuron then repolarizes in order to return to its resting state, but in this process it overshoots and enters a brief period of hyperpolarization before then returning to resting potential.

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13
Q

resting potential

A

neuron’s resting membrane voltage when it is not firing (typically -70mV)

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14
Q

threshold

A

The minimum cell membrane voltage to trigger depolarization/ an action potential (-55mV)

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15
Q

absolute refractory period

A

depolarization/repolarization, cell can’t generate another action potential at this point

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16
Q

relative refractory period

A

hyperpolarization, action potential can be generated at this time given a large enough stimulus

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17
Q

hyperpolarization

A

relative refractory period

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18
Q

All or none law

A

cell either depolarizes or it doesn’t, as soon as cell membrane voltage hits -55mV, it sends the same electrical impluse no matter the strength of the stimulus. The strength of the stimulus is determined by the number of action potentials generated.

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19
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that carry messages across the synapse to either excite or inhibit other neurons firing(2 types; excitatory and inhibitory)

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20
Q

Five stages of chemical communication

A

synthesis, storage, release, binding, deactivation (broken down or reuptake)

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21
Q

graded potentials

A

excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP); postsynaptic depolarization, postsynaptic neuron more likely to fire

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP); postsynaptic hyperpolarization, postsynaptic neuron less likely to fire

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22
Q

glutamate

A

main excitatory NT, sensory and learning
drugs- alcohol and sensory enhancers

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23
Q

GABA

A

main inhibitory NT
alcohol and anti-anxiety

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24
Q

Norepinephrine

A

cortex arousal
drugs- amphetamine and methamphetamine

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25
Q

Acetylcholine

A

cortex arousal, selective attention, memory, muscle contradiction
drugs- nicotine, memory enhancers, botox

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26
Q

Dopamine

A

motor function and pleasure/reward
drugs- L-dopa(treats Parkinsons), antipsychotics

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27
Q

Serotonin

A

Mood regulation, aggression, sleep-wake cycles, temperature
drugs- SSRI anti-depressants

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28
Q

Endorphins

A

Pain killers
drugs- codeine, morphine, heroin

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29
Q

Anandamide

A

Pain killers, increase appetite
drugs- Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

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30
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

impact the nervous system

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31
Q

agonist

A

when a drug enhances activity at the receptor site(either binds to receptor site or blocks re-uptake of NTs)

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32
Q

antagonist

A

when a drug reduces activity at the receptor site

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33
Q

Neural plasticity

A

The ability of neurons to change over time. 3 areas:
plasticity over development
plasticity and learning
plasticity following injury and/or degeneration

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34
Q

neural plasticity and development

A

growth (of dendrites and axons), synaptogenesis (formation of new synapses), pruning (destroying certain neurons to remove pathways that aren’t useful), myelination

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35
Q

neural plasticity and learning

A

synaptogenesis, potentiation(changing of activation and structure of neurons), structural plasticity (nerons change their shape from standard condition to an enriched condition)

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36
Q

neural plasticity, injury, and degeneration

A

neurogenesis (formation of new neurons) happens in brain, doctors can inject stem cells (undifferentiated cells that can develop into any kind of cell)

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37
Q

The brain-behaviour network

A

how different regions of the brain are responsible for different behaviours

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38
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outer grey matter of the cerebrum

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39
Q

basal gangliafunction and damage consequences

A

structures in the cortex that help control movements, takes sensory info from primary sensory and association cortexs and sends instructions based on the info to the motor cortex
helps control emotions, language, decision making, learning, and memory
damage can result in Parkinson’s and Tourettes

40
Q

limbic system

A

evolved out of olfactory system, closely tied to autonomic NS, bridge between cerebral hemispheres and brain stem, plays are role in emotion, motivation, learning, smell, memory.
4 main areas: thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus

41
Q

cerebellum

A

controls balance and enables us to coordinate movement and learn motor skills

42
Q

brain stem

A

midbrain, hindbrain(pons medulla)

43
Q

spinal cord

A

connects peripheral NS with brain
protected by vertebrae

44
Q

reflex arc/spinal reflexes

A

skin receptor, sensory neuron, inter-neuron, motor neuron, muscle

45
Q

3 major regions of the brain

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

46
Q

The forebrain

A

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system

46
Q

the midbrain

A

helps control eye movement and coordination, contain RAS

47
Q

the hindbrain

A

medulla, pons, cerebellum

48
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system

49
Q

somatic nervous system

A

contains sensory and motor nerves
voluntary muscle movement
carries info from CNS to the muscles

50
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary muscle movements, 2 divisions: sympathetic, activates functions(fight-or-flight) and parasympathetic inhibits functions(rest-and-digest)

51
Q

The endocrine system

A

network of glands that release hormones into the bloodstream

52
Q

pituitary gland and hormones

A

controls the other glands in the body
releases oxytocin(love hormone)

53
Q

adrenal gland and hormones

A

found above the kidneys releases adrenaline and cortisol during times of stress and arousal

54
Q

what are the 8 different brain stimulating, recording and imaging techniques?

A

EEG, MRI. fMRI, PET scan, MEG, CT scan, DBS, TMS

55
Q

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

A

measures electrical activity generated by the brain, noninvasive

56
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

produces high resolution images of soft tissue such as the brain; measure the release of energy from water in reaction to a magnetic field, superior to CT scans, noninvasive

57
Q

functional MRI (fMRI)

A

measures change in blood oxygen levels, shows activity in response to the subject looking at something or solving a problem, noninvasive

58
Q

position emission tomography (PET) scans

A

functional imaging technique, shows areas of low and high activity, invasive; involves injection of a radioactive drug

59
Q

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

measures presence of magnetic fields on the surface of the cerebral cortex

60
Q

Computed tomography (CT scan)

A

3D reconstruction

61
Q

deep brain stimulation (DBS)

A

surgical procedure that implants battery powered electrodes into the brain to stimulate specific areas

62
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

applies quick changing magnetic fields to the skull which creates electrical fields in the brain that either enhances or interrupts brain function

63
Q

genotype

A

set of gene transmitted to us at birth from our parents

64
Q

phenotype

A

genotype expression

65
Q

heritability

A

how much your phenotype is determined by genetics and how much it is determined by environmental factors

66
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

degrading of myelin sheath resulting in electrical signals becoming scrambled and leading to emotional and physical difficulties such as difficulties with coordination.

67
Q

meninges

A

3 membranes that protect brain and spinal cord

68
Q

cerebral ventricles

A

CSF filled pockets that extend through the brain and spinal cord

69
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

provides nutrients, waste removal, and is a shock absorber

70
Q

corpus callosum

A

nerve fibres that connect the 2 brain hemispheres

71
Q

thalamus

A

sensory relay center

72
Q

hypothalamus

A

maintains bodily states through hormone levels, regulates hunger, thirst, sexual drive, temperature (four Fs)

73
Q

amygdala

A

modifies our memories based on how we feel, triggered by fear, helps us pay attention to emotionally impactful stimuli, remember what triggered our emotions, makes sense of social cues

74
Q

hippocampus

A

plays a critical role in memory, especially spatial memory ex. mental map, damage can cause trouble creating long term memories ex. remembering events

75
Q

Reticular Activating system (RAS)

A

connects with forebrain and cerebral cortex (outer grey matter of cerebrum) plays a key role in waking up, activates cortex by increasing signal-to-noise ratio, damage can cause a coma

76
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest and digest

77
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight

78
Q

Adrenalin

A

release by the adrenal glands when cued by the sympathetic system, contracts muscles, constricts blood vessels, increases breakdown of fatty acids and synthesis of glycogen into glucose, dilates bronchioles, supresses digestive and reproductive function, dialtes pupils

79
Q

chromosomes

A

found in the nucleus, humans have 46, contain genes which are made of DNA which is a set of instructions for making proteins

80
Q

reaction range

A

the extent to which genes set limits oh how much a trait can change in response to a new environment

81
Q

central sulcus

A

deep groove that separates the frontal lobe from the rest of the cortex

82
Q

motor cortex

A

generates signals for voluntary movement

83
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

receives data about sensation: touch, pressure, pain

84
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

responsible for thinking, planning, and language, contains Broca’s area; which plays a key role in language production

85
Q

association cortex

A

Regions of the cerebral cortex that analyze/ reanalyze sensory inputs to build up our perceptions

86
Q

ADHD drugs

A

boost the signal-to-noise ration in the prefrontal cortex

87
Q

frontal lobe

A

responsible for motor functions, planning, language, decision making, contains motor and prefrontal cortexs

88
Q

parietal lobe

A

eye movements, lobe specialized for touch and perception(tracking objects location, shape, orientation), relays visual/touch info to motor cortex,contains somatosensory cortex

89
Q

temporal lobe

A

lobe specialized in hearing, plays a role in understanding language and memory
contains auditory cortex and Wernicke’s area(plays a critical role in understanding speech)

90
Q

lateral fissure

A

separates temporal lobe from the rest of the cortex

91
Q

occipital lobe

A

contains visual cortex, dedicated to seeing

92
Q

pons

A

connects the cortex to the cerebellum

93
Q

medulla

A

involved in basic functions such as heart-rate, breathing, vomiting

94
Q

6 parts of the CNS

A

cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, brain stem, cerebellum, and spinal cord

95
Q

electrical stimulation studies

A

pioneered by Wilder Penfield, investigated brain functions by electrically stimulating the brain during neurosurgery, supported the idea that neural communication is electrical

Psychology 104 (7 decks)

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