Chapter 5

Question 1

consciousness

Answer 1

our awareness of internal and external stimuli. It is our subjective awareness of the world, our bodies, and our mental perspectives

Question 2

circadian rhythm

Answer 2

changes that occur on a 24 hr basis in many of our biological processes such as hormone release, brain waves, body temperature, and drowsiness, regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN) whcih signals the pineal gland to release melatonin

Question 3

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Answer 3

regulates circadian rhythm, signals pineal gland to release melatonin, found in the hypothalamus

Question 4

Kleine-Levin syndrome

Answer 4

sleeping beauty syndrome, sleep until you die

Question 5

sleep debt

Answer 5

accumulated sleep loss over multiple days

Question 6

5 stages of sleep order

Answer 6

1-2-3-4-3-2-1-REM-1-2-3-ect.

Question 7

beta waves

Answer 7

awake/alert, 12-13 cycles/sec

Question 8

alpha waves

Answer 8

relaxed/drowsy, 8-12 cycles/sec

Question 9

theta waves

Answer 9

asleep, 4-7 cycles/sec

Question 10

stage 1 sleep

Answer 10

5-10 min, alpha/beta waves changes to theta waves, breathing/HR slows, body temp drops, muscles relax, myoclonic jerks(brief muscular contractions) and hypnagogic imagery (brief flashes of images) occur

Question 11

stage 2 sleep

Answer 11

10-25 min, HR/breathing slows further, body temp drops more, muscles relax more, theta waves, eye movements cease, characterized by sleep spindles(brief periods of brain waves 12-15 cycles/sec) and k-complexes(brief slow periods of cycles/sec)

Question 12

stage 3 sleep

Answer 12

deep sleep, characterized by Delta waves (0.5-2 cycles/sec) 20-50% of the time

Question 13

stage 4 sleep

Answer 13

50%+ Delta waves

Question 14

REM(rapid eye movement) sleep

Answer 14

takes up 20-25% of our sleep, cycles last 20min-1hr, heightened breathing rate, BP, HR, eye movements, body paralyzed, brain waves similar to beta waves, MEMA occurs (middle ear muscle activity), dreams are more likely to occur, dreams are more emotional, illogical, rapidly changing.

Question 15

RBD/REM behaviour disorder

Answer 15

no paralysis during REM, violent flailing

Question 16

Insomnia and its 3 types and treatments

Answer 16

difficulty falling/staying asleep
1.can’t fall asleep
2.wake up too early
3.wake up during the night and can’t fall back asleep
treated by sleeping pills/psychotherapy

Question 17

Narcolepsy causes and treatments

Answer 17

episodes of sudden sleep,
causes: genes, brain damage, lack of hormone orexin, comes with cataplexy, treated with drug modafinil

Question 18

sleep apnea disorder and treatments

Answer 18

disorder caused by blockage of airway during sleep, results in daytime fatigue, treatments- weight loss, tonsil removal, CPAP machine

Question 19

night terrors

Answer 19

sudden waking episodes with screaming, sweating, confusion, then return to deep sleep

Question 20

Freud’s Dream Protection theory

Answer 20

dreams are guardians/protectors of sleep. The ego/mental censor is weakest when we are asleep so our normally controlled impulses come to the surface, but the dream-work transforms them into symbols representing desires.
manifest content- what we experience in our dreams
latent content- the hidden meaning behind our dreams

Question 21

Activation synthesis

Answer 21

dreams reflect brain activity in sleep, the brain is chaotic when we sleep so dreams are the brain trying to make sense of random internally generated neural signals that occur mostly during REM sleep

Question 22

dream continuity hypothesis

Answer 22

dreams mirror our life circumstances

Question 23

neurocognitive theory

Answer 23

dreams depend on cognitive and visuospatial abilities, relate to our lived experience and are simulations where we put ourselves in different scenarios

Question 24

what are hallucinations and what causes them

Answer 24

realistic perceptual experiences in the absences of any external stimuli and can be brought on by oxygen/sensory deprivation, epilepsy, fever, mental illness, dementia, migraines, drugs

Question 25

OBE theories

Answer 25

the feeling of consciousness leaving the body;
excess dopamine in the temporal lobe
electrical stimulation in right temporal lobe(ex.seizure)
disruption in patterns of brain activity that bring about a unified sense of self and body via reduction of glutamate transmission

Question 26

NDE theory

Answer 26

neurotransmitters that shoot up right before death are associated with changes in alertness/arousal (norephinephrine); cognition/emotional experiences (dopamine); and vivid hallucinations/mystical experiences (serotonin)
other explanations is our preconceived notions and expectations/beliefs about death

Question 27

Deja Vu theories

Answer 27

excess dopamine in temporal lobe, electrical activity in the right temporal lobe(ex.seizure), failure of brain area communication that typically allows us to distinguish between similar contexts

Question 28

Deja Vu explanation

Answer 28

happens when the arrangement of elements within a scene maps onto an arrangement previously seen but the previous scene fails to comes to mind

Question 29

mystical experiences

Answer 29

a feelings of oneness with the universe, typically with religious undertones, studied using fMRIs and mushrooms, can be caused by fasting, prayer, fever, seizures in the right temporal lobe, medications

Question 30

hypnosis

Answer 30

an interpersonal situation in which imaginative situations are administered for changes in conciousness

Question 31

hypnosis myths

Answer 31

1. Hypnosis produces a trance-like state in which “Amazing” things happen, hypnosis actually doesn’t have a great impact on suggestibility and people can fight it. 2. hypnotic phenomena are unique, people can experience hypnotic phenomena such as hallucinations and pain insensitivity when they receive suggestions with hypnosis. 3. hypnosis is a sleep-like state, people can be hypnotized when they are alert (called active alert induction) brain waves of someone who is being hypnotized are the same as someone who is awake and relaxed. 4. hypnotized people are unaware of their surroundings. 5. hypnotized people forget what happened during hypnosis. 6. hypnosis enhances memory(you can recall stuff you wouldn’t have been able to recall without hypnosis)

Question 32

sociocognitive theory of hypnosis

Answer 32

people’s attitudes, beliefs, motivations, and expectations about hypnosis, as well as their ability to respond to waking imaginative suggestions shapes their response to hypnosis, hypnotized people are just acting

Question 33

What is dissociation theory of hypnosis and who developed it

Answer 33

Ernest Hilgrad; hypnotic suggestions result in a separation between personality functions that are normally well integrated, producing a “hidden observer” that is still aware of what is going on

Question 34

dissociation

Answer 34

a division of consciousness in which attention, effort, and planning are carried out with awareness

Question 35

sedative-hypnotic drugs and their 3 types

Answer 35

sedative= calming, hypnotic= sleep inducing, 3 types: barbiturates, nonbarbituates (Quaalude), and benzodiazepines (valium)

Question 36

adjustive value

Answer 36

when drugs- enhance positive emotional reactions and minimize negative emotional reactions

Question 37

depressants examples and effects on behaviour

Answer 37

decrease activity of the CNS, ex. alcohol, barbiturates, quaaludes(nonbarbituates), valium(benzodiazepines)

Question 38

stimulates examples and effect on behaviour

Answer 38

Increase activity of CNS (sense of alterness, well-being, energy) ex. tobacco, cocaine, amphetamines, meth, caffine

Question 39

narcotics/opiates examples and effects on behaviour

Answer 39

sense of euphoria, decreased pain ex. heroin, morphine, codeine

Question 40

psychedelics examples and effects on behaviour

Answer 40

dramatically altered perception, mood, and thoughts