Chapter 5 Flashcards
consciousness
our awareness of internal and external stimuli. It is our subjective awareness of the world, our bodies, and our mental perspectives
circadian rhythm
changes that occur on a 24 hr basis in many of our biological processes such as hormone release, brain waves, body temperature, and drowsiness, regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN) whcih signals the pineal gland to release melatonin
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
regulates circadian rhythm, signals pineal gland to release melatonin, found in the hypothalamus
Kleine-Levin syndrome
sleeping beauty syndrome, sleep until you die
sleep debt
accumulated sleep loss over multiple days
5 stages of sleep order
1-2-3-4-3-2-1-REM-1-2-3-ect.
beta waves
awake/alert, 12-13 cycles/sec
alpha waves
relaxed/drowsy, 8-12 cycles/sec
theta waves
asleep, 4-7 cycles/sec
stage 1 sleep
5-10 min, alpha/beta waves changes to theta waves, breathing/HR slows, body temp drops, muscles relax, myoclonic jerks(brief muscular contractions) and hypnagogic imagery (brief flashes of images) occur
stage 2 sleep
10-25 min, HR/breathing slows further, body temp drops more, muscles relax more, theta waves, eye movements cease, characterized by sleep spindles(brief periods of brain waves 12-15 cycles/sec) and k-complexes(brief slow periods of cycles/sec)
stage 3 sleep
deep sleep, characterized by Delta waves (0.5-2 cycles/sec) 20-50% of the time
stage 4 sleep
50%+ Delta waves
REM(rapid eye movement) sleep
takes up 20-25% of our sleep, cycles last 20min-1hr, heightened breathing rate, BP, HR, eye movements, body paralyzed, brain waves similar to beta waves, MEMA occurs (middle ear muscle activity), dreams are more likely to occur, dreams are more emotional, illogical, rapidly changing.
RBD/REM behaviour disorder
no paralysis during REM, violent flailing
Insomnia and its 3 types and treatments
difficulty falling/staying asleep
1.can’t fall asleep
2.wake up too early
3.wake up during the night and can’t fall back asleep
treated by sleeping pills/psychotherapy
Narcolepsy causes and treatments
episodes of sudden sleep,
causes: genes, brain damage, lack of hormone orexin, comes with cataplexy, treated with drug modafinil
sleep apnea disorder and treatments
disorder caused by blockage of airway during sleep, results in daytime fatigue, treatments- weight loss, tonsil removal, CPAP machine
night terrors
sudden waking episodes with screaming, sweating, confusion, then return to deep sleep
Freud’s Dream Protection theory
dreams are guardians/protectors of sleep. The ego/mental censor is weakest when we are asleep so our normally controlled impulses come to the surface, but the dream-work transforms them into symbols representing desires.
manifest content- what we experience in our dreams
latent content- the hidden meaning behind our dreams
Activation synthesis
dreams reflect brain activity in sleep, the brain is chaotic when we sleep so dreams are the brain trying to make sense of random internally generated neural signals that occur mostly during REM sleep
dream continuity hypothesis
dreams mirror our life circumstances
neurocognitive theory
dreams depend on cognitive and visuospatial abilities, relate to our lived experience and are simulations where we put ourselves in different scenarios
what are hallucinations and what causes them
realistic perceptual experiences in the absences of any external stimuli and can be brought on by oxygen/sensory deprivation, epilepsy, fever, mental illness, dementia, migraines, drugs
OBE theories
the feeling of consciousness leaving the body;
excess dopamine in the temporal lobe
electrical stimulation in right temporal lobe(ex.seizure)
disruption in patterns of brain activity that bring about a unified sense of self and body via reduction of glutamate transmission
NDE theory
neurotransmitters that shoot up right before death are associated with changes in alertness/arousal (norephinephrine); cognition/emotional experiences (dopamine); and vivid hallucinations/mystical experiences (serotonin)
other explanations is our preconceived notions and expectations/beliefs about death
Deja Vu theories
excess dopamine in temporal lobe, electrical activity in the right temporal lobe(ex.seizure), failure of brain area communication that typically allows us to distinguish between similar contexts
Deja Vu explanation
happens when the arrangement of elements within a scene maps onto an arrangement previously seen but the previous scene fails to comes to mind
mystical experiences
a feelings of oneness with the universe, typically with religious undertones, studied using fMRIs and mushrooms, can be caused by fasting, prayer, fever, seizures in the right temporal lobe, medications
hypnosis
an interpersonal situation in which imaginative situations are administered for changes in conciousness
hypnosis myths
- Hypnosis produces a trance-like state in which “Amazing” things happen, hypnosis actually doesn’t have a great impact on suggestibility and people can fight it. 2. hypnotic phenomena are unique, people can experience hypnotic phenomena such as hallucinations and pain insensitivity when they receive suggestions with hypnosis. 3. hypnosis is a sleep-like state, people can be hypnotized when they are alert (called active alert induction) brain waves of someone who is being hypnotized are the same as someone who is awake and relaxed. 4. hypnotized people are unaware of their surroundings. 5. hypnotized people forget what happened during hypnosis. 6. hypnosis enhances memory(you can recall stuff you wouldn’t have been able to recall without hypnosis)
sociocognitive theory of hypnosis
people’s attitudes, beliefs, motivations, and expectations about hypnosis, as well as their ability to respond to waking imaginative suggestions shapes their response to hypnosis, hypnotized people are just acting
What is dissociation theory of hypnosis and who developed it
Ernest Hilgrad; hypnotic suggestions result in a separation between personality functions that are normally well integrated, producing a “hidden observer” that is still aware of what is going on
dissociation
a division of consciousness in which attention, effort, and planning are carried out with awareness
sedative-hypnotic drugs and their 3 types
sedative= calming, hypnotic= sleep inducing, 3 types: barbiturates, nonbarbituates (Quaalude), and benzodiazepines (valium)
adjustive value
when drugs- enhance positive emotional reactions and minimize negative emotional reactions
depressants examples and effects on behaviour
decrease activity of the CNS, ex. alcohol, barbiturates, quaaludes(nonbarbituates), valium(benzodiazepines)
stimulates examples and effect on behaviour
Increase activity of CNS (sense of alterness, well-being, energy) ex. tobacco, cocaine, amphetamines, meth, caffine
narcotics/opiates examples and effects on behaviour
sense of euphoria, decreased pain ex. heroin, morphine, codeine
psychedelics examples and effects on behaviour
dramatically altered perception, mood, and thoughts
