Chapter 11 Flashcards
Discrete emotions theory
humans have biologically rooted, cross-culturally universal primary emotions that mix to form other secondary emotions. Each emotion is associated with a motor program and serve and evolutionary function (ex. when we are scared are eyes open wide to spot danger) the primary emotions are: happiness, sadness, surprise, anger, disgust, fear, contempt
this theory states emotions are innate motor programs that are triggered by stimuli and our reactions precede our interpretations of them
display rules
societal guild lines for how and when to express emotions, differs in cultures
brain activation pattern of emotions
disgust: insula activation(limbic system), anger: region of frontal cortex behind eyes,
Cognitive theories of emotion
ex. James-Lange theory; theories about emotions being a product of thinking, what we feel in response to an emotional situation is based on how we interpret it
James-Lange theory of emotion and evidence
emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli, ex. we see a bear, we are afraid because we are running away not the other way around
evidence: study where people with more spinal cord damage have weaker emotional reactions than those with less spinal cord damage
Somatic marker theory
influenced by James-Lange theory; we unconsciously and instantly use our “gut reactions”(autonomic responses ex. HR, sweating) to gauge how we should act.
ex. if our heart is beating fast on a date, we should ask for a second date
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
an emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to both emotional and bodily reactions (triggered by thalamus)
2 factor theory of emotion
emotions require 2 events: 1. After encountering an emotion-provoking event, we experience a state of arousal/alterness
2. we attribute the autonomic arousal to an occurrence and then label it with an emotion; emotions are the explanations we attach to our arousal
facial feedback hypothesis
Zajonc; you’re likely to feel emotions that correspond to your facial expression, Zajonc believed that emotions arise from behavioural/physiological reactions and are biochemical not cognitive. He proposed that blood vessels in the face send temperature info back to the brain relaying how we should feel.
nonverbal leakage
unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behaviour
manipulators
when one parts of the body rubs, presses, bites or fidgets with another part of the body, soothing gestures
emblems
gestures that convey conventional meanings recognized by members of a culture(waving, nodding, shoulder shrug, fingers crossed)
proxemics
study of personal space
the 4 levels of personal space
- public distance(12ft+) used for public speaking; 2. social distance(4-12ft) used for strangers and acquaintances 3. personal distance(1.5-4ft) used for friends or romantic partner 4. Intimate distance(0-1.5ft) used for kissing, hugging, cuddling
Pinocchio response
a perfect physiological or behavioural indicator of lying (doesn’t exist)
what does a polygraph measure/assume?
BP, respiration, palm sweating; assumes dishonest people experience heightened autonomic activity associated with anxiety
Controlled question test (CQT)
polygraph; measures physiological responses following 1. relevant questions (ex. did you do it?) 2. Irrelevant questions (ex. is your name Jane doe?) 3. Control questions; reflect probable lies (ex.have you ever stolen) these questions provide a baseline for gauging responses during lies
CQT have a high rate of false positives
voice stress analysis
analyzing whether someone is lying on the basis that our voices go up in pitch when we are lying. In reality our voices go up in pitch when we are stressed out.
guilty knowledge test (GKT)
series of multiple choice questions relying on the premise that criminals have concealed knowledge of the crime. Physiological responses are monitored for options containing incriminating information.
GKT has high false negatives
