Chapter 11 Flashcards
Discrete emotions theory
humans have biologically rooted, cross-culturally universal primary emotions that mix to form other secondary emotions. Each emotion is associated with a motor program and serve and evolutionary function (ex. when we are scared are eyes open wide to spot danger) the primary emotions are: happiness, sadness, surprise, anger, disgust, fear, contempt
this theory states emotions are innate motor programs that are triggered by stimuli and our reactions precede our interpretations of them
display rules
societal guild lines for how and when to express emotions, differs in cultures
brain activation pattern of emotions
disgust: insula activation(limbic system), anger: region of frontal cortex behind eyes,
Cognitive theories of emotion
ex. James-Lange theory; theories about emotions being a product of thinking, what we feel in response to an emotional situation is based on how we interpret it
James-Lange theory of emotion and evidence
emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli, ex. we see a bear, we are afraid because we are running away not the other way around
evidence: study where people with more spinal cord damage have weaker emotional reactions than those with less spinal cord damage
Somatic marker theory
influenced by James-Lange theory; we unconsciously and instantly use our “gut reactions”(autonomic responses ex. HR, sweating) to gauge how we should act.
ex. if our heart is beating fast on a date, we should ask for a second date
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
an emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to both emotional and bodily reactions (triggered by thalamus)
2 factor theory of emotion
emotions require 2 events: 1. After encountering an emotion-provoking event, we experience a state of arousal/alterness
2. we attribute the autonomic arousal to an occurrence and then label it with an emotion; emotions are the explanations we attach to our arousal
facial feedback hypothesis
Zajonc; you’re likely to feel emotions that correspond to your facial expression, Zajonc believed that emotions arise from behavioural/physiological reactions and are biochemical not cognitive. He proposed that blood vessels in the face send temperature info back to the brain relaying how we should feel.
nonverbal leakage
unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behaviour
manipulators
when one parts of the body rubs, presses, bites or fidgets with another part of the body, soothing gestures
emblems
gestures that convey conventional meanings recognized by members of a culture(waving, nodding, shoulder shrug, fingers crossed)
proxemics
study of personal space
the 4 levels of personal space
- public distance(12ft+) used for public speaking; 2. social distance(4-12ft) used for strangers and acquaintances 3. personal distance(1.5-4ft) used for friends or romantic partner 4. Intimate distance(0-1.5ft) used for kissing, hugging, cuddling
Pinocchio response
a perfect physiological or behavioural indicator of lying (doesn’t exist)
what does a polygraph measure/assume?
BP, respiration, palm sweating; assumes dishonest people experience heightened autonomic activity associated with anxiety
Controlled question test (CQT)
polygraph; measures physiological responses following 1. relevant questions (ex. did you do it?) 2. Irrelevant questions (ex. is your name Jane doe?) 3. Control questions; reflect probable lies (ex.have you ever stolen) these questions provide a baseline for gauging responses during lies
CQT have a high rate of false positives
voice stress analysis
analyzing whether someone is lying on the basis that our voices go up in pitch when we are lying. In reality our voices go up in pitch when we are stressed out.
guilty knowledge test (GKT)
series of multiple choice questions relying on the premise that criminals have concealed knowledge of the crime. Physiological responses are monitored for options containing incriminating information.
GKT has high false negatives
brain fingerprinting
same as GKT but instead of measuring physiological responses it measures brain waves which give away more.
truth serum
barbiturates; lowers the threshold for reporting all memories; true or false.
integrity tests
questionnaires that asses workers’ tendency to steal or cheat. Contain questions regarding 1. history of stealing 2. Attitude towards stealing 3. perceptions of others honesty
biased against the innocent like polygraphs
positive psychology
discipline that has sought to emphasize human strengths(resilience, coping, life satisfaction, love, happiness)
defensive pessimism
strategy of anticipating failure and then compensating for this expectation by mentally over preparing for negative outcomes
broaden and build theory
happiness predisposes us to think more openly allowing us to see “the big picture” we might have otherwise overlooked
Happiness misconceptions
1.The prime determinant of happiness is what happens to us 2. Money makes us happy
3. happiness declines in old age
4. people on the west coast are the happiest
What does make us happier?
marriage, friendships, education(college/university), religion, political affiliation, exercise, gratitude, giving, flow
affective forecasting
predicting our own or others’ happiness
durability bias
we believe both our good and bad moods will last longer than they do (typically we overestimate the long-term impact of events on our moods)
hedonic treadmill
tendency for our moods to adapt to external circumstances
positivity effect
the tendency for people to remember more positive than negative info with age
2 biggest motivators
food and sex
drive reduction theory
proposes that certain drives like hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration motivate us to act in a way to avoid/minimize unpleasant states such as being hungry or thirsty.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
describes inverted U shaped relation between arousal and mood/performance. There is an optimal point of arousal for performance and mood near the middle of the curve.
approach
a predisposition towards certain stimuli
avoidance
disposition away from certain stimuli
avoidance gradient
as we get closer to our goal, our tendency to avoid increases more rapidly than our tendency to approach
Incentive theories
propose that we’re often motivated by positive goals ex. creating a piece of art
hierarchy of needs
Abraham Maslow; we must satisfy our primary needs (biological necessities) before moving onto secondary needs (psychological desires)lower hierarchy= needs produces by drives, upper hierarchy= needs produced by incentives.
!. Physiological needs 2. Safety needs 3. Belonging needs 4. Esteem needs 5. Self actualization
Later, 5. cognitive needs and 6. aesthetic needs were added
What brain structures play a key role in eating?
hypothalamus; lateral- initiating eating, ventromedial- stopping eating
role of ghrelin
stomach hormone that communicates with hypothalamus to increase hunger
role of cholecystokinin (CCK)
stomach hormone that counteracts ghrelin and decreases hunger
Glucostatic theory of hunger
when our blood glucose goals down, hunger creates a drive to eat and restore levels of glucose. People gain weight when there is an imbalance (more energy is taken in than burned)
role of leptin
hormone that signals to the hypothalamus/brain stem to reduce appetite and increase ammount of energy used
set point
genetic factors that determine a range of body fat and muscle mass we tend to maintain. When we don’t eat enough, our appetite goes up and metabolism decreases(set point hypothesis proposes that this can cause obesity). When we eat too much, appetite goes down and metabolism goes up.
genetic factors of obesity
mutation in a major melanocortin-4 receptor gene, causes people to never feel full. Lack of a leptin gene can also cause obesity.
internal-external theory
obese people are motivated to eat more by external cues (appearance, smell, taste of food) rather than internal cues (growing stomach, feeling of fullness)
role of serotonin in weight gain
serotonin suppresses appetite so individuals with low serotonin may be prone to obesity
