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PS 101 Flashcards > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning

A

Lasting change as a result of practice, study, or experience.

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2
Q

Associative learning

A

A change as a result of experience where two or more stimuli become linked.

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3
Q

Non-associative learning

A

Learning that does not involve forming associations between stimuli; it is a change resulting from experiences with a single sensory cue.

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4
Q

Classical conditioning

A

The association of two stimuli.

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5
Q

Operant conditioning

A

A form of associative learning where behavior is modified depending on its consequences.

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6
Q

Observational learning

A

Learning by observing others.

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7
Q

Spatial navigation

A

Learning to navigate and remember spatial information.

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8
Q

Implicit learning

A

Learning that occurs without conscious awareness.

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9
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning that is not immediately expressed in behavior.

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10
Q

Insight learning

A

A sudden realization or understanding of a problem or concept.

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11
Q

Practices for learning

A

Strategies or techniques used to enhance learning.

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12
Q

Pre and postnatal learning

A

Learning that occurs before and after birth.

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13
Q

Specific learning disorders

A

Disorders that affect the acquisition and use of specific skills or abilities.

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14
Q

Habituation

A

Weakening of response to a stimulus after repeated presentation.

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15
Q

Dishabituation

A

A form of non-associative learning whereby there is a recovery of attention to a novel stimulus following habituation.

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16
Q

Sensitization

A

A strong stimulus results in an exaggerated response to the subsequent presentation of weaker stimuli.

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17
Q

Classical conditioning

A

The association of two stimuli.

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18
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

A stimulus that on its own elicits a response.

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19
Q

Unconditioned response (UR)

A

A physical response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus; it does not need to be learned.

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20
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

A neutral stimulus that eventually elicits the same response as an unconditioned stimulus with which it has been paired.

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21
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

A physical response elicited by a conditioned stimulus; it is usually the same as the unconditioned response.

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22
Q

UCS

A

Unconditioned stimulus.

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23
Q

UCR

A

Unconditioned response.

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24
Q

CS

A

Conditioned stimulus.

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25
Q

CR

A

Conditioned response.

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26
Q

Acquisition

A

The initial learning of the stimulus-response relationship.

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27
Q

Extinction

A

Reduction of a conditioned response after repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus alone.

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28
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Re-emergence of a conditioned response some time after extinction has occurred.

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29
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

When similar stimuli elicit the same response as a conditioned stimulus after classical conditioning has occurred.

30
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

An organism learns to emit a specific behavior in the presence of a stimulus, but not in the presence of stimuli similar to the original stimulus.

31
Q

Higher-order conditioning

A

Occurs when a previously conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus for further conditioning.

32
Q

Phobia

A

Persistent, irrational or obsessive fear of a specific object or situation that may arise as a result of fear conditioning.

33
Q

Systematic desensitization

A

A process used to condition extinction of phobias through gradual exposure to the feared object or situation.

34
Q

Conditioned taste aversion

A

A form of classical conditioning where a previously neutral stimulus elicits an aversive reaction after it’s paired with illness.

35
Q

Law of effect

A

Behaviors leading to rewards are more likely to occur again, while behaviors producing unpleasantness are less likely to occur again.

36
Q

Reinforcer

A

An experience that produces an increase in a certain behavior.

37
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Presentation of a pleasant consequence following a behavior to increase the probability that the behavior will reoccur.

38
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Removal of an unpleasant stimulus after a response to increase the probability that the behavior will reoccur.

39
Q

Punishment

A

An experience that produces a decrease in a certain behavior.

40
Q

Positive punishment

A

Presentation of an unpleasant consequence following a behavior to decrease the probability of the behavior being repeated.

41
Q

Negative punishment

A

Removal of a pleasant stimulus as a consequence of a behavior to decrease the probability of the behavior being repeated.

42
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

The addition of a stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

43
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

The removal of a stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

44
Q

Positive punishment

A

The addition of a stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

45
Q

Negative punishment

A

The removal of a stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

46
Q

Primary reinforcers

A

Stimuli that have survival value and are inherently rewarding, such as food and water.

47
Q

Secondary reinforcers

A

Neutral stimuli that become rewarding when associated with a primary reinforcer, such as money or praise.

48
Q

Primary punishers

A

Stimuli that are naturally aversive to an organism, such as slapping or electric shock.

49
Q

Secondary punishers

A

Stimuli that become aversive when associated with a primary punisher, such as disapproval or criticism.

50
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

Behavior is reinforced every time it occurs, leading to quicker training.

51
Q

Intermittent reinforcement

A

Behavior is only followed by reinforcement some of the time, making behaviors harder to extinguish.

52
Q

Fixed ratio schedule

A

Reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses, resulting in a high rate of responding with pauses.

53
Q

Variable ratio schedule

A

Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable, average number of responses, resulting in a high, steady rate of responding.

54
Q

Fixed interval schedule

A

Reinforcement occurs after a fixed time has elapsed.

55
Q

Variable interval schedule

A

Reinforcement occurs after varying lengths of time.

56
Q

Shaping

A

Introducing new behavior by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior until the complete behavioral sequence emerges.

57
Q

Behaviour modification

A

A systematic approach to change behavior using principles of operant conditioning, such as teaching new skills or modifying undesirable behaviors.

58
Q

Observational learning

A

Learning that occurs without overt training in response to watching the behavior of others.

59
Q

Modelling

A

Learning that occurs when an observer learns from the behavior of another.

60
Q

Vicarious learning

A

Learning that occurs when an individual observes the consequences of another’s actions and then chooses to duplicate or refrain from doing so.

61
Q

Implicit learning

A

The acquisition of information without awareness, such as learning to talk or walk.

62
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning that occurs without reinforcement and is not used until called for.

63
Q

Insight learning

A

A sudden realization of a solution to a problem or leap in understanding new concepts.

64
Q

Behaviourism

A

the systematic study and manipulation of observable behaviour.

65
Q

Conditioning

A

the association of events in the environment.

66
Q

disorder of written expression

A

a disorder experienced as impairment in the ability to create the written word.

67
Q

learned helplessness

A

a situation in which repeated exposure to inescapable punishment eventually produces a failure to make escape attempts.

68
Q

mathematics disorder

A

a deficit in mathematical ability, including the ability to do calculations, as well as the ability to understand mathematical word problems and mathematical concepts.

69
Q

mirror neurons

A

neurons fired when an animal or human performs an action or when they see another animal perform the same action.

70
Q

natural reflex

A

an automatic involuntary response that typically occurs without learning.

71
Q

reading disorder

A

a deficit in reading comprehension, written spelling, and word recognition.

PS 101 Flashcards (7 decks)

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