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PS 101 Flashcards > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Consciousness

A

The state of being aware of one’s surroundings and oneself.

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2
Q

Stream of consciousness

A

A continuous flow of changing thoughts.

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3
Q

Altered states of consciousness

A

Different states of consciousness such as being asleep, having a dream, hypnosis, meditation, anesthesia, and psychoactive drugs.

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4
Q

States of consciousness

A

The level of awareness for our external surroundings and internal states.

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5
Q

Contents of consciousness

A

Specific thoughts that we are aware of about our internal states or external surroundings.

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6
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

Failure to notice things around us to which we are not paying attention.

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7
Q

Thalamus

A

A part of the brain responsible for attention and awareness.

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8
Q

Preconsciousness

A

The level of awareness in which information can become readily available to consciousness if necessary.

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9
Q

Unconscious state

A

A state in which information is not easily accessible to conscious awareness.

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10
Q

Implicit memory

A

Knowledge that we have stored in memory that we are not typically aware of or able to recall at will.

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11
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

A 24-hour cycle that controls the sleep/wake cycle.

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12
Q

Sleep cycle

A

A 90-100 minute cycle that goes through different stages of sleep, including REM sleep.

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13
Q

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep

A

A stage of sleep associated with rapid eye movements, increased heart rate, and dreaming.

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14
Q

Information Processing Theory of Dreaming

A

The theory that dreams involve processing information from the day.

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15
Q

Activation-Synthesis Model of Dreaming

A

The theory that dreams reflect the brain’s efforts to make sense of neural activity during sleep.

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16
Q

Insomnia

A

The most common sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking up early.

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17
Q

Sleep apnea

A

A sleep disorder characterized by repeatedly stopping breathing during the night.

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18
Q

Narcolepsy

A

A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden episodes of falling into REM sleep.

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19
Q

Hypnosis

A

An altered state of consciousness with heightened suggestibility, deep relaxation, and intense focus.

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20
Q

Meditation

A

A technique designed to turn one’s consciousness away from the outer world toward one’s inner cues and awareness.

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21
Q

Opening-up approach

A

Clearing one’s mind in order to receive new experiences.

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22
Q

Concentrative meditation

A

Actively concentrating on an object, word, or idea, called a mantra.

23
Q

Koan

A

A riddle, such as “What is the sound of one hand clapping?”

24
Q

Mindfulness meditation

A

Paying attention to one’s feelings, thoughts, and sensations. Being in the moment and being mindful, but not judgmental.

25
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

Any substance that alters mood, perception, awareness, or thought.

26
Q

Addiction

A

Psychological or physical compulsion to take a drug, resulting from regular ingestion and leading to maladaptive patterns of behavior and changes in physical response.

27
Q

Depressants

A

Drugs that act on the central nervous system (CNS) to suppress bodily processes.

28
Q

Alcohol

A

Influences GABAergic neurons and slows down brain areas that control judgment, inhibition, behavior, speech, motor functioning, and emotional expression.

29
Q

Sedative-hypnotics (benzodiazepines)

A

Examples include Xanax, Ativan, and Valium. They influence neurons that produce GABA, producing relaxation, drowsiness, and relief from anxiety.

30
Q

Opioids

A

Drugs such as opium, heroin, morphine, codeine, and methadone. They activate opioid receptors in the brain, reducing pain, emotional tension, and producing pleasurable and calming feelings.

31
Q

Nicotine

A

Influences dopamine and acetylcholine neurons, increasing alertness and reducing stress.

32
Q

Caffeine

A

Works on adenosine neurons, producing a sensation of increased alertness when stimulated.

33
Q

Stimulants

A

Drugs that act on the CNS to increase bodily processes.

34
Q

Cocaine

A

Blocks neuronal re-uptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. Increases energy, alertness, and produces euphoric feelings of well-being and confidence.

35
Q

Amphetamines

A

Increase the release of dopamine and norepinephrine. Increases energy, alertness, reduces appetite, and produces euphoric feelings.

36
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Drugs that produce sensory or perceptual distortions called hallucinations.

37
Q

LSD

A

Stimulates dopamine and serotonin receptors, dramatically strengthening visual perceptions along with profound psychological and physical changes.

38
Q

Cannabis (marijuana, THC)

A

Stimulates the release of endorphins and dopamine, producing a mixture of hallucinogenic, depressant, and stimulant effects.

39
Q

MDMA (Ecstasy)

A

Leads to an increase of serotonin, enhances sensory perceptions, increases energy and alertness, and produces feelings of empathy and emotional well-being.

40
Q

Reward-deficiency syndrome

A

People might abuse drugs because their reward center is not readily activated by usual life events.

41
Q

Adaptive Theory of Sleep

A

theory that organisms sleep for the purpose of self-preservation, to keep away from predators that are more active at night.

42
Q

Dissociation

A

A splitting of consciousness into two dimensions.

43
Q

Flashbacks

A

Recurrence of the sensory and emotional changes after the LSD has left the body.

44
Q

Hypnagogic State

A

A pre-sleep period often characterized by vivid sensory phenomena.

45
Q

Lucid Dreaming

A

Dreams in which sleepers fully recognize that they are dreaming, and occasionally actively guide the outcome of the dream.

46
Q

Non-REM Sleep (NREM)

A

Stages 1 through 4 of normal sleep pattern.

47
Q

Restorative Theory of Sleep

A

Theory that we sleep to allow the brain and body to restore certain depleted chemical resources and eliminate chemical wastes that have accumulated during the waking day.

48
Q

Reward Learning Pathway

A

Brain circuitry that is important for learning about rewarding stimuli.

49
Q

Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs

A

Class of drugs that produces feelings of relaxation and drowsiness.

50
Q

Sleep Spindles

A

Bursts of brain activity lasting a second or two; occur during Stage 2 sleep.

51
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

A

A small group of neurons in the hypothalamus responsible for coordinating the many rhythms of the body.

52
Q

Tolerance

A

Mark of physical dependence on a drug, in which the person is required to take incrementally larger doses of the drug to achieve the same effect.

53
Q

Withdrawal Symptoms

A

Unpleasant and sometimes dangerous side effects of reducing intake of a drug after a person has become addicted.

PS 101 Flashcards (7 decks)

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