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PS 101 Flashcards > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychodynamic View

A

A perspective in psychology that emphasizes the role of unconscious forces and childhood experiences in shaping personality and behavior.

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2
Q

Humanistic View

A

A perspective in psychology that emphasizes the inherent goodness and potential for growth in individuals, and the importance of self-actualization.

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3
Q

Trait theories and Five Factor Theory

A

Theories that focus on identifying and categorizing personality traits, and the Five Factor Theory proposes that personality can be described by five broad dimensions:openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

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4
Q

Situationist and Interactionist Views

A

Perspectives that highlight the influence of situational factors and the interaction between personality traits and the environment on behavior.

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5
Q

Personality Assessment

A

The process of measuring and evaluating an individual’s personality traits, characteristics, and patterns of behavior.

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6
Q

Biological Foundations of Personality

A

The study of how biological factors, such as genetics and brain structure, contribute to the development and expression of personality.

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7
Q

How Personalities Differ

A

The understanding that individuals have unique and distinct patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that differentiate them from others.

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8
Q

Personality Disorders

A

A group of mental health conditions characterized by enduring patterns of maladaptive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that significantly impair functioning and cause distress.

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9
Q

Personality Inventories

A

Paper-and-pencil questionnaires designed to assess different aspects of personality.

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10
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 (MMPI-2)

A

A personality inventory that is useful in assessing abnormal personality characteristics.

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11
Q

NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R)

A

A personality inventory that evaluates traits comprising three of the five superfactors:Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Openness.

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12
Q

Projective tests

A

Personality assessments that use ambiguous stimuli to access a person’s unconscious.

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13
Q

Rorschach inkblot test

A

A projective test that uses ambiguous shapes to elicit responses that indicate underlying personality characteristics or conflicts.

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14
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

A projective test where participants create stories describing ambiguous black-and-white drawings.

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15
Q

Biological Foundations of Personality

A

The influence of genetics and environment on the development of temperament and traits.

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16
Q

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

A

The five superfactors of personality traits.

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17
Q

Amygdala

A

A brain area involved in emotionality, motivation, and processing negative stimuli.

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18
Q

Interpreting the Research

A

Important factors to consider when interpreting genetic and neurological personality research.

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19
Q

Gender Differences

A

The similarities and differences in personality traits between men and women.

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20
Q

Collectivist cultures

A

Cultures that prioritize the needs of the group over the individual.

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21
Q

Individualist cultures

A

Cultures that value individual achievement and independence.

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22
Q

Culture, Socioeconomic Environment, and Personality

A

The impact of living conditions on how personality traits manifest in behavior.

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23
Q

Personality Disorders

A

Inflexible patterns of inner experience and outward behavior that cause distress or difficulty with daily functioning.

24
Q

Borderline personality disorder

A

A personality disorder characterized by severe mood and self-concept instability and high levels of volatility.

25
Q

Antisocial personality disorder

A

A personality disorder characterized by extreme disregard for others and impulsive, egocentric behavior.

26
Q

Paranoid personality disorder

A

A personality disorder characterized by exaggerated suspicion and distrust of others.

27
Q

Schizoid personality disorder

A

A personality disorder characterized by detachment from social relationships and flat emotional expression.

28
Q

Schizotypal personality disorder

A

A personality disorder characterized by odd or peculiar behavior and unusual cognitive or perceptual experiences.

29
Q

Histrionic personality disorder

A

A personality disorder characterized by an excessive need to be noticed and be the center of attention.

30
Q

Narcissistic personality disorder

A

A personality disorder characterized by a high degree of self-interest and self-importance.

31
Q

Avoidant personality disorder

A

A personality disorder characterized by extreme feelings of inadequacy and avoidance of social activities.

32
Q

Dependent personality disorder

A

A personality disorder characterized by an excessive need to be cared for by others and submissive behavior.

33
Q

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A

A personality disorder characterized by preoccupation with perfectionism and control.

34
Q

Defence mechanisms

A

Unconscious tactics employed by the ego to protect the individual from anxiety.

35
Q

Denial

A

a defence mechanism; the process of refusing to recognize an existing situation.

36
Q

Repression

A

the most basic defence mechanism; the process of keeping unpleasant memories or thoughts buried deep within the unconscious mind.

37
Q

Ego

A

according to psychoanalytic theory, the personality element that works to help satisfy the drives of the id while complying with the constraints placed on behaviour by the environment.

38
Q

Superego

A

according to psychoanalytic theory, the personality element in charge of determining which impulses are acceptable to express openly and which are unacceptable; develops as we observe and internalize the behaviours of others in our culture.

39
Q

Id

A

according to psychoanalytic theory, the personality element representing basic instinctual drives, such as those related to eating, sleeping, sex, and comfort.

40
Q

Five-factor model

A

an empirically derived trait model that proposes five major trait categories: agreeableness/disagreeableness, extroversion/introversion, neuroticism/stability, conscientiousness/irresponsibility, and openness to experience/unimaginativeness.

41
Q

socially desirable responding

A

tailoring answers on personality inventories to try to create a good impression.

42
Q

interactionism

A

a view emphasizing the relationship between a person’s underlying personality traits and the reinforcing aspects of the situations in which they choose to put themselves.

43
Q

situationisim

A

a view of personality, which notes that in many social situations people respond is similar ways, meaning that the situation drives their response rather than their personality.

44
Q

interpersonal circle

A

a two-dimensional personality trait model based on blends of dominance and nurturance.

45
Q

lexical hypothesis

A

the idea that our language contains the important ways in which people can differ.

46
Q

superfactor

A

a fundamental dimension of personality made up of a related cluster of personality traits.

47
Q

neurosis

A

an abnormal behaviour pattern caused by unresolved conflicts between the id, ego, and superego.

48
Q

personality

A

The unique characteristics that account for enduring patterns of inner experience and outward behaviour.

49
Q

psychosexual stages

A

according to psychoanalytic theory, stages in the development of personality; the stages—labelled oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital—are primarily influenced by sexuality and aggression.

50
Q

personality traits

A

tendencies to behave in certain ways that remain relatively constant across situations.

51
Q

self-concept

A

a pattern of self-perception that remains consistent over time and can be used to characterize an individual.

52
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

acceptance without terms or conditions.

53
Q

personality trait

A

model a mini-theory about the structure of personality traits.

54
Q

phrenology

A

a method of assessing a person’s mental and moral qualities by studying the shape of the person’s skull.

55
Q

positive psychology

A

an area of psychology focusing on positive experiences and healthy mental functioning.

56
Q

self-actualization

A

the need of humans to fulfill their full and special potential; the highest level of need in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

57
Q

social role theory

A

theory that gender differences occur because girls and boys develop different behaviours and skills based largely on differences in gender role expectations.

PS 101 Flashcards (7 decks)

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