Chapter 7,13,14 vocab Flashcards
1
Q
Exteroceptive Sensory Systems
A
- Auditory, somatosensory, olfactory and gustatory systems
2
Q
Primary Sensory Cortex
A
- The area of sensory cortex that receives most of its input directly from the thalamic relay nuclei of that system
3
Q
Secondary Sensory Cortex
A
- Comprises the areas of the sensory cortex that receive most of their input from the primary sensory cortex of that system or from other areas of the secondary sensory cortex of the same system
4
Q
Association Cortex
A
- Any area of the cortex that receives input from more than one sensory system
Most input comes from areas of secondary sensory cortex
5
Q
Sensation
A
- Process of detecting the presence of a stimuli
6
Q
Perception
A
- Higher-order process of integrating, recognizing, and interpreting complete patterns of sensations
7
Q
Functional Segregation
A
- Organization into different areas, each of which performs a different functionDifferent areas of secondary and association cortex analyze different aspects of the same sensory stimulus (in sensory systems)
8
Q
Parallel Systems
A
- Systems in which information flows through the components over multiple pathways
9
Q
Parallel Processing
A
- In a parallel system—the simultaneous analysis of a signal in different ways by the multiple parallel pathways of a neural network
10
Q
Binding Problem
A
- Multiple specialized areas, at multiple levels, are interconnected by multiple parallel pathways
Example: Each area of the visual system is specialized for perceiving specific aspects of visual system, yet complex stimuli are normally perceived as integrated wholes, not as combinations of independent attributes
The brains way of combining individual sensory attributes to produce integrated perceptions
11
Q
Amplitude
A
- Loudness
12
Q
Frequency
A
- Pitch
13
Q
Complexity
A
- Timbre
14
Q
Fourier Analysis
A
- Mathematical procedure for breaking down complex waves into their component sine waves (pure tones).
15
Q
Fundamental frequency
A
- Related to pitch of sounds; The highest frequency of which the various component frequencies of a sound are multiples; A sound that is a mixture of 100, 200, 300 Hz—100 Hz is the highest frequency of which the three components are multiples
16
Q
Missing Fundamental
A
- Pitch of a complex sound may not be directly related to the frequency of any of the sound’s components; Mixture of pure tones with frequencies of 200, 300, & 400 Hz would be perceived as having the same pitch as a pure tone of 100 Hz.—because 100 Hz is the fundamental frequency of those three frequencies.
17
Q
Tympanic Membrane -
A
Ear drum
18
Q
Ossicles
A
- Small bones of the middle ear
19
Q
Malleus
A
- The mallet (an ossicle)
20
Q
Incus
A
-The anvil (an ossicle)
21
Q
Stapes
A
- A stirrup (an ossicle)
22
Q
Oval Window
A
- The membrane that transfers vibrations from the ossicles to the fluid of the cochlea
23
Q
Cochlea
A
- Long, coiled tube with an internal membrane running almost to its tip
24
Q
Organ of Corti
A
- Internal membrane in the cochlea—auditory receptor organ
25
Hair Cells
- Auditory receptors
26
Basilar Membrane
- The membrane of the organ of Corti in which the hair cell receptors are embedded
27
Tectorial Membrane
- Rests on the hair cells (part of the organ of Corti)
28
Auditory Nerve
- A branch in the cranial nerve VIII—the auditory-vestibular nerve
29
Reitinotopic
- Organization of the visual system
30
Tonotopic
- Organization of the auditory system
31
Semicircular Canals
- The receptive organs of the vestibular system
32
Vestibular System
- Carries information about the direction and intensity of head movements, which helps maintain balance
33
Cochlear Nuclei
- Axons of each auditory nerve synapse in the ipsilateral cochlear nuclei
34
Superior Olives
- Medullary nuclei that play a role in sound localization
35
Lateral Lemniscus
- Axons of the olivary neurons project from the lateral lemniscus to the inferior colliculi
36
Inferior Colliculi
- The structures of the tectum that receive auditory input from the superior olives
37
Medial Geniculate Nuclei
- The auditory thalamic nuclei that receive input from the inferior colliculi and project to primary auditory cortex
38
Primary Auditory Cortex
– receives most information from medial geniculate nucleus and is hidden from view in the lateral fissure
39
Medial Superior Olives
- Some neurons respond to slight differences in the time of arrival of signals from the two ears; Localization of sound in space
40
Lateral Superior Olives
- Respond to slight differences in the amplitude of sounds from the two ears
Localization of sound in space
41
Core Region
- The part of the primary auditory cortex that receives input from the medial geniculate nucleus (located into temporal lobe and hidden from view within the lateral fissure); Adjacent to the primary area in each hemisphere are two other areas.
42
Belt
- Surrounding the core region—areas of secondary auditory cortex
43
Parabelt Areas
- Areas of secondary auditory cortex outside the belt; 10 separate areas of secondary auditory cortex in primates
44
Anterior Auditory Pathway
- Association cortex; Identifying sounds- the what
45
Conductive Deafness
- Damage to the ossicles
46
Somatosensation
- Sensations from your body
47
Exteroceptive System
- Senses external stimuli that are applied to the skin
48
Proprioceptive system
- Monitors information about the position of the body that comes from receptors in the muscles, joints, and organs of balance
49
Interoceptive System
- Provides general information about conditions within the body (temperature and blood pressure)
50
Mechanical Stimuli
- Touch
51
Thermal Stimuli
- Temperature
52
Nociceptive Stimuli
- Pain
53
Free Nerve Endings
- Neuron endings with no specialized structures on them; Simple cutaneous receptors (skin receptors); Sensitive to temperature change and pain
54
Pacinian Corpsucles -
Largest and deepest cutaneous receptors—onionlike; Adapt rapidly; Respond to sudden displacements of the skin but not to constant pressure
55
Merkel’s Disks
- Adapt slowly and respond to gradual skin indentation
56
Ruffini Endings
- Adapt slowly and respond to skin stretch
57
Stereognosis
- Identification of objects by touch
58
Dermatome
- The area of the body that is innervated by the left and right dorsal roots of a given segment of the spinal cord; Neural fibers that carry information from cutaneous receptors and other somatosensory receptors gather together in nerves and enter the spinal cord via the dorsal routes
59
Dorsal-Column Medial-Lateral-Lemniscus System;
Carry information about touch and proprioception
60
Anterolateral System
- Carries information about pain and temperature
61
Dorsal Columns
- The somatosensory tracts that ascend in the dorsal portion of the spinal cord white matter
62
Dorsal Column Nuclei
- Where the sensory neurons of the dorsal-column medial-lateral lemniscus system synapse
Located in the medulla
63
Decussate
- Cross over to the other side of the brain
64
Medial Lemniscus
- The somatosensory pathway between the dorsal column nuclei and the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus
65
Ventral Posterior Nucleus
- A thalamic relay nucleus in both the somatosensory and gustatory systems
66
Pimary Somatosensory Cortex
- Most neurons of the ventral posterior nucleus project here
| Sends information from the contralateral areas of the face
67
Secondary Somatosensory Cortex
- Some neurons project here from the contralateral areas of the face
68
Spinothalamic Tract pecifics
- Projects to the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus—anteriolateral system
69
Spinoreticular Tract
- Projects to the reticular formation—anteriolateral system
70
Reticular formation
- - Projects to the parafascicular nuclei
71
Parafascicular nuclei -
- Located in the thalamus; Gets information from the reticular formation
Spinotectal Tract—anteriolateral system; Projects to the tectum
72
Tecum
- Colluculi
73
Poscentral Gyrus
The gyrus located just posterior to the central fissure; function is primarily somatosensory
74
Somatotopic
Organized according to a map of the body surface
75
Somatosensory Homunculus
- Somatotopic Map that corresponds to the primary somatosensory cortex
76
Posterior Parietal Lobe
- Area of association cortex that receives input from the visual, auditory, and somatosensory systems and is involved in the perception of spatial location and guidance of voluntary behavior
77
Bimodal Neurons
- Neurons that respond to activation of two different sensory systems
78
Hemianopsia
- A condition in which a scotoma covers half of the visual field
79
Astereognosia
- The inability to recognize objects by touch
80
Asomatognosia
- The failure to recognize parts of ones own body
81
Anosognosia
- The failure of neuropsychological patients to recognize their own symptoms
82
Contralateral Neglect
- The tendency not to respond to stimuli that are contralateral to a right-hemisphere injury; Common component of asomatognosia
83
Hemispherctomized
- Those with one cerebral hemisphere removed
84
Anterior Cingulate Cortex
- The cortex of the anterior cingulated gyrus
85
Gate-Control Theory
- Melzack and Wall; They theorized that signals descending from the brain can activate neural gating circuits in the spinal cord to block incoming pain signals
86
Periaqueductal Gray
- Electrical stimulation has analgesic effects (pain-blocking)
87
Endorphins
- Internally produced opiate analgesic
88
Raphe Nuclei
- A cluster of seretonergic nuclei in the core of the medulla
89
Neuropathic Pain
- Severe chronic pain in the absence of a recognizable pain stimulus
90
Olfaction
- Smell
91
Gustation
- Taste
92
Flavor
- When molecules of food excite both smell and taste receptors and produce an integrated sensory impression
93
Pheromones
- Chemicals that influence the physiology and behavior of conspecifics
94
Olfactory Mucosa
- Olfactory receptor cells are located in the upper part of the nose, embedded in a layer of mucus-covered tissue
95
Cribiform Plate
- Porous portion of the skull in which the dendrites located in the nasal passes axons pass through
96
Olfactory Glomeruli
- Olfactory receptor axons terminate in the discrete clusters of neurons near the surface of the olfactory bulbs
97
Piriform Cortex
- An area of medial temporal cortex adjacent to the amygdyla
98
Medial Dorsal Nuclei
- The thalamic relay nuclei of the olfactory system
99
Orbitofrontal Cortex
- The cortex of the inferior frontal lobe, adjacent to the orbits, which receives olfactory input from the thalamus
100
Taste Buds
- Taste receptors found on the tongue and in parts of the oral cavity—clusters of about 50
101
Umami
- Meaty
102
Facial Nerve
- Sensory and motor; Taste from anterior two-thirds of tongue, facial expression, secretion of tears, salivation, cranial blood vessel dilation
103
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
- Sensory and motor; Taste from posterior third of tongue, salivation, swallowing
104
Vagus Nerve
- Sensory and motor; Sensations from abdominal and thoracic organs; Control over abdominal and thoracic organs and muscles of the throat
105
Solitary Nucleus
- Where neurons terminate in the medulla
106
Ventral Posterior Nucleus
- Fibers synapse on neurons that project here- in the thalamus
107
Primary Gustatory Cortex
- Where gustatory axons of the ventral posterior nucleus project to; Near the face area of the somatosensory homunculus, on the superior lip of the lateral fissure
108
Secondary Gustatory Cortex
- Hidden from view in the lateral fissure
109
Anosmia
- Inability to smell
110
Ageusia
- The inability to taste
111
Selective Attention
- Perceive only a small subset of the many stimuli that excite our sensory organs at any one time and largely ignore the rest
112
Vagus Nerve
- Sensory and motor; Sensations from abdominal and thoracic organs; Control over abdominal and thoracic organs and muscles of the throat
113
Solitary Nucleus
- Where neurons terminate in the medulla
114
Ventral Posterior Nucleus
- Fibers synapse on neurons that project here- in the thalamus
115
Primary Gustatory Cortex
- Where gustatory axons of the ventral posterior nucleus project to; Near the face area of the somatosensory homunculus, on the superior lip of the lateral fissure
116
Secondary Gustatory Cortex
- Hidden from view in the lateral fissure
117
Selective Attention
- Perceive only a small subset of the many stimuli that excite our sensory organs at any one time and largely ignore the rest
118
Endogenous Attention
- Mediated by top-down neural mechanisms; Internal cognitive process
119
Exogenous Attention
- External events; Mediated by bottom-up neural mechanisms
120
Cocktail-Party Phenomenon
- Even when you are focusing so intently on one conversation that you are totally unaware of the content of other conversations going on around you, the mention of your name in one of the other conversations will immediately gain access to your consciousness.
121
Change Blindness
- a subject is shown a photographic image on a computer screen and is asked to report any change in the image as soon as it is noticed; image is composed of two images that alternate with a delay of less than .1 second between them—identical except for one gross feature
122
Simultanagnosia
- When you can identify objects in any part of your visual field if they are presented individually, but only one when presented together.
123
Endocrine Glands
- ductless glands that releases chemicals called hormones directly into the circulatory system
124
Exocrine Glands
- glands that release chemical into ducts that carry them to targets
125
Hormones
- Chemicals released by the endocrine system directly into the circulatory system
126
Gonads
- males testes and female ovaries
127
Testes
- males gonads
128
Ovaries
- female gonads
129
Copulation
- sexual intercourse
130
Sperm Cells
- reproductive cells of the male testes
131
Ova
- reproductive cells of the females ovaries
132
Zygote
- a combined sperm and ova cell; contains all the information necessary for the normal growth of an adult organism
133
Sex Chromosome
- pair of chromosome that contain genetic programs that direct sexual development
134
X Chromosome
- one of two sex chromosomes; two X chromosomes makes a female
135
Y Chromosome
one of two sex chromosomes; 1 Y & 1 X chromosomes makes a male
136
Amino Acid Derivative Hormones
- hormones that are synthesized in a few simple steps from an amino acid; example is epinephrine
137
Peptide Hormones
- hormones that are short chains of amino acids
138
Protein Hormones
- hormones that are long chains of amino acids
139
Steroid Hormone
- hormones that are synthesized from cholesterol, a type of fat molecule
140
Androgens
- the class of steroid hormones that include testosterone
141
Estrogens
- the class of steroid hormones that are released in large amounts by the ovaries; an example is estradoil
142
Testosterone
- the most common androgen
143
Estradiol
- the most common estrogen
144
Progestins
- a third class of steroid hormones released by the testes and ovaries
145
Progesterone
- most common progestins; prepares the woman's uterus and breast for pregnancy
146
Adrenal Cortex
- outer layer of adrenal glands; primarily function is the regulation off glucose and salt levels in the blood
147
Master Gland
- pituitary gland
148
Tropic Hormones
- hormones whose primary function is to influence the release of hormones from other glands
149
Gonadotropin
- pituitary tropic hormone that travels through the circulatory system to the gonads, where it stimulates the release of gonadal hormones
150
Posterior Pituitary
- the part of the pituitary gland that contains the terminal of hypothalamic neurons
151
Pituitary Stalk
- the structure connecting the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
152
Anterior Pituitary
- begins as part of the same embryonic tissue that eventually develops into the roof of the mouth
153
Menstrual Cycle
- the hormone-regulated cycle in women off follicle growth, egg release, buildup of uterus lining, and menstruation
154
Vasopressin
- One of the two major peptide hormones of the posterior pituitary; it facilitates reabsorption of water by kidneys and is thus also called antidiuretic hormone
155
Oxytocin
- One of the two major peptide hormones of the posterior pituitary, which in females stimulates contracting of uterus during labor and the ejection of milk during suckling
156
Paraventricular Nuclei
- hypothalamic nuclei that play a role in eating and synthesizes hormones released by the posterior pituitary
157
Supraoptic Nuclei
- hypothalamic nuclei in which the hormones of the posterior pituitary are synthesized
158
Neurosecretory Cells
neurons that release hormones into general circulation
159
Antidiuretic Hormone
- another name for vasopressin
160
Hypothalamopituitary Portal System
- the vascular network that carries hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
161
Portal Vein
- a vein that connects one capillary network to another
162
Releasing Hormones
- hypothalamic hormones that are thought to stimulate the release of an anterior pituitary hormone
163
Release-inhibiting factors
- hypothalamic hormones that are thought to inhibit the release of an anterior pituitary hormone
164
Thyrotropin-Relasing Hormones
- the hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the release of thyyrontropin from the anterior pituitary
165
Thyrotropin
- the anteriour pituitary hormone that stimulates the release of hormones from the thyroid gland
166
Thyroid Gland
- gland that is stimulated by thyrotropin
167
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
- the hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the release of both of the anterior pituitary's gonadotropins; Follicle-Releasing Hormone & Luteinizing Hormone
168
Follicle-Releasing Hormone
- the gonadotropic hormone that stimulates the development of ovarian follicles
169
Luteinizing Hormone
- the gonadotropic hormone that causes the developing ovum to be released from its follicle
170
Pancreas -
releases insulin which in turn reduces blood glucose levels
171
Pulsatile Hormone Release
- the typical pattern of hormone release, which occurs in large surges several times a day
172
Dimorphic
- two standard models for humans: male and female
173
Primordial Gonads
- pair of gonadal structures that every fetus has around 6 weeks after fertilization regardless of its genetic sex
174
Sry Gene
- A gene on the Y chromosome that triggers sry protein, which in turn stimulates the development of the testes
175
Sry Protein
- A protein that causes the medulla of each primordial gonad to develop into a testis
176
Wolffian System
- The embryonic precursor of the male reproductive duct
177
Mullerian System
- The embryonic precursor of the female reproductive duct
178
Seminal Vesicles
- holds the fluid in which sperm cells are ejaculated
179
Van Deferens
- used for sperm cells to travel to seminal vesicles
180
Uterus
- female reproductive created by the Mullerian System
181
Fallopian Tubes
- tubes ova travels through from the ovaries to the uterus where they can be fertilize
182
Mullerian-Inhibiting Substance
- causes mullerian system to degenerate and testes descend into scrrotum
183
Scrotum
- the sac that holds the testes outside the body cavity
184
Ovariectomy
- removal of ovaries
185
Orchidectomy
- removal of testes
186
Gonadectomy -
surgical removal of gonads - ovaries or testes
187
Castration
- another name for gonadectomy
188
Genitals
- external reproductive organ
189
Biopotential Precursor
- fetal structure in both genetically male and female fetus that will form the genitals
190
Glans
- grows into either the head of the penis in males or the clitoris in females
191
Penis
- male genitals; formed from the glans
192
Clitoris
- female genitals; formed from the glans
193
Urethral Folds
- either fused into the male or creates the female's labia minora
194
Labia Minora
- formed by the urethral fold
195
Lateral Bodies
- forms either the shaft of the penis for males or hood of clitoris for females
196
Labioscrotal Swellings
- form either the scrotum in males or the labia majora in females
197
Labia Majora
- formed by the labioscrotal swellings
198
Puberty
- the transitional period between childhood and adulthood during which fertility is achieved, the adolescent growth spurt occurs, and secondary sex characteristics develop
199
Secondary Sex Characteristics
- features other than the reproductive organs that distinguish sexually mature men and women
200
Growth Hormone
- only anterior pituitary hormone that does not have a gland as its primary target; acts directly on bones and tissue to produce the pubertal growth spurt
201
Androstenedione
- androgen released by the adrenal that is normally responsible for the growth of pubic hair and axillary hair in females
202
Axillary Hair
- underarm hair
203
Sexual Dimorphism
- male/female structural differences
204
Perinatal
- around the time of birth
205
Aromatase
- an enzyme that converts testosterone into estradoil
206
Aromatization
- the process of converting testosterone into estradoil
207
Aromatization Hypothesis
- the hypothesis that the brain is masculinized by estradoil that is produced from perinatal testosterone from aromatization
208
Alpha Fetoprotein
- a protein that is present in the blood of many mamals during the perinatal period and that deactivates circulating estradoil by binding to it
209
Masculinizes
- enhances or promotes male characteristics
210
Defeminizes
- suppress or disrupts female characteristics
211
Lordosis
- sex position of female rat; back arched and tail at the side
212
Intromission
- penis insertion
213
Ejaculation
- ejection of sperm
214
Proceptive Behaviors
- solicitation of behavior
215
Androgenic Insensitivity Syndrome
- syndrome in genetic males caused by a mutation to the androgen receptor gene that renders androgen reposes totally unresponsive that results in the development of a female body
216
Adrenogenital Syndrome
- a sexual development disorder in which high levels of adrenal androgens, resulting from congenital adrenal hyperplasia, masculinize the body of genetic females
217
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
- a congenital deficiency in the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex, which leads to excessive release of adrenal androgen
218
Replacement Injections
- injections of a hormone whose natural release has been curtailed by the removal of the gland that normally releases it
219
Impotent
- unable to achieve a penile erection
220
Sterility
- inability to reproduce
221
Dihydrotestosterone
- a nonaromatizable androgen that restored copulatory behaviors in castrated male primates
222
Estrus
- a period of 12 to 18 hours in which a female rodent is fertile, receptive and proceptive
223
Estrus Cycle
- the cycle of sexual receptivity
224
Anabolic Steroids
- steriod drugs that are similar to testosterone and have powerful anabolic (growth-promoting) effects
225
Testicular Atrophy
- wasting away of testes
226
Gynecomastia
- breast growth in men
227
Hirsutism
- excessive growth of body hair
228
Medial Preoptic Area
- the areas of hypothalamus that includes the sexually dimorphic nuclei and that plays a key role in the of male sexual behavior
229
Dimorphic Nucleus
- the nucleus in the medial preoptic area of rats that is larger in males than in females
230
Lateral Tegmental Field
- area of the midbrain used by medial preoptic area to control male sexual behavior
231
Ventromedial Nucleus
- contains circuits that appear to be critical for female sexual behavior
232
Progesterone Receptors
- appears in the VMN and surrounding areas after an injection of estradoil
233
Periaqeductal Gray
- site where it appears female sexual behavior is mediated to by a tract
234
Homosexual
- sexually attracted to members of same sex
235
Bisexual
- sexually attracted to both members
236
Sexual Identity
- the sex, male or female, that a person believes himself/herself to be
237
Fraternal Birth Order Effect
- the finding probability of a man's being homosexual increases as a function of the number of older brothers he has
238
Maternal Immune Hypothesis
- hypothesis that some mothers become progressively more immune to masculinizing hormones and a mother's immune system might deactivate masculinizing hormones in her younger sons
239
Transsexualism
- a condition of sexual identity in which an individual believes that he or she is trapped in a body of the other sex
240
Surgical Sexual Reassignment
- surgery to change their sex
241
Electroencephalogram
- a recording of electrical activity along the scalp
242
Electromyogram
- a reading of the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles
243
Alpha waves
- waxing and waning bursts of 8- to 12- Hz EEG waves
244
Sleep spindle
a burst of oscillatory brain activity visible on an EEG that occurs during stage 2 sleep
Initial stage 1 EEG- is not marked by any striking electromyographic
245
Electrooculogram
- measurement of the resting potential of the retina
| First night phenomenon- the disturbance of sleep observed during the first night in a sleep laboratory
246
K complex
- a single large negative wave (upward deflection) followed immediately by a single large positive wave (downward deflection)
247
Delta waves
- largest and slowest of the EEG waves
| Emergent stage 1 EEG- are accompanied by REMs and by a loss of tone in the muscles of the body core
248
Rem sleep-
rapid eye movement sleep associated with stage 1 EEG
249
Slow-wave sleep
stages 3 and 4 of EEG during sleep, named after the delta waves that characterize them
250
Activation-synthesis theory
- information supplied to the cortex during REM sleep is largely random and that the resulting dream is the cortex’s effort to make sense of these random signals
251
Homeostasis
– internal physiological stability
252
Executive function
- cognitive abilities that appear to depend on the prefrontal cortex
253
Nrem sleep
- all other stages of sleep other than stage 1. Only about 7% of nrem sleep leads to dream recall
254
Somnambulism
otherwise known as sleep walking is when a person walks or performs another activity while asleep
255
Recuperation theories of sleep
- being awake disrupts our homeostasis of the body in some way and sleep is required to restore it
256
Micro sleeps
- brief periods of sleep typically lasting 2 or 3 seconds where the eyelids droop and the subjects become less responsive to external stimuli
257
Carousel apparatus
- used to deprive rats of sleep; an experimental rat and its yoked control are in spate chambers of the apparatus. Each time the EEG activity of the experimental rat indicates its sleeping the floor will begin to rotate, if the sleeping rat does not move it will be knocked off the floor into the water below
258
Default theory
it is difficult to stay continuosly in NREM sleep, so the brain periodically switches to one of two other states. If there is any immediate bodily need to take care of the brain switches to wakefulness; if there are no immediate needs, it switches to the default REM sleep
259
Nocturnal animals
- animals that sleep primarily during the day and take care of biological needs at night
260
Zeitgebers
environmental cues such as the light-dark daily cycle that can entrain circadian rhythms
261
Free-running period
- the duration of free running rhythms
262
Adaptation theories of sleep-
sleep is the result of a 24 hour timing mechanism that is we are programmed to sleep at night despite what happens to us during the day
263
Yoked control
- done to an animal in an experiment so that it is unable to function normally usually unable to move or do anything, the animal has no control.
264
Circadian rhythms
- a cycle lasting 24 hours, humans follow this cycle by sleeping during the night and taking care of biological needs during the day
265
Entrain
- to control the timing of something
266
Free- running rhythms-
circadian rhythms in constant environments
267
Biological clock
- internal timing mechanism used to regulate sleep
268
Internal Desynchronization
- the cycling on different schedules of the free running circadian rhythms of 2 different processes
269
Jet Lag
- occurs when the zeitgebers that control the phases of various circadian rhythms are accelerated during east bound flights or decelerated during west bound flights
270
Phase advance
- east bound flights
271
Phase delay
- west bound flights
272
Circadian clock
- internal timing mechanism that’s capable of maintaining daily cycles of physiological functions, even when there are no temporal cues from the environment
273
Suprachiasmatic Nuclei
- nuclei of the medial hypothalamus that control the circadian cycles of various body functions
274
Melanopsin
- photopigment found in retinal cells that respond to changes in background illumination and play a role in synchronizing circadian rhythms
275
Tau
- the first circadian gene to be identified in mammals
276
Cerveau Isole Preparation
- an experimental preparation in which the forebrain is disconnected from the rest of the brain by a midcollicular transection
277
Desynchronized EEG
- low amplitude, high frequency EEG
278
Encephale Isole Preparation
- experimental preparation in which the brain is separated from the rest of the nervous system by a transection of the cadual brain stem
279
Reticular Activating System
- the hypothetical arousal system in the reticular formation
280
Hypnotic Drugs
sleep promoting drugs
281
Antihypnotic Drugs
- sleep reducing drugs
282
Melatonin
- hormone that is synthesized from serotonin in the pineal gland and influences the circadian rhythm of sleep
283
Benzodiazepines
- class of GABA agonists with anxiolytic, sedative, and anticonvulsant properties; drugs such as chlordiazepoxide (Librium) and diazepam (Valium)
284
Insomnia
- disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep
5-hydroxytryptophan- precursor of serotonin, 5-HTP but not serotonin readily passes through the blood brain barrier, reverse insomnia in cats and rats by the serotonin antagonist PCPA
285
Pineal gland
- endocrine gland that is the human body’s sole source of melatonin
286
Chronobiotic
-substance that influences the timing of internal biological rhythms
287
Hypersomnia
- disorders characterized by excessive sleep or sleepiness
288
Iatrogenic
- Physician created
289
Sleep Restriction Therapy
- amount of time that an insomniac is allowed to spend in bed is substantially reduced, then the period of sleep restriction, the amount of time spent in bed is gradually increased in small increments, as long as sleep latency remains in the normal range
290
Sleep apnea
- condition in which sleep is repeatedly disturbed by momentary interruptions in breathing
291
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
- results from obstruction of the respiratory passages by muscle spasms or atonia
292
Central Sleep Apnea
- failure of central nervous system to stimulate respiration
293
Periodic Limb Movement Disorder
- recurrent involuntary movements of limbs during sleep, major cause of insomnia
294
Restless Leg Syndrome
- tension or uneasiness in legs that is particularly prevalent at bedtime and is a major cause of insomnia
295
Narcolepsy
- disorder in the hypersomnia category that is characterized by repeated, brief daytime sleep
296
Cataplexy
- disorder characterized by recurring losses of muscle tone during wakefulness and is often seen in cases of narcolepsy
297
Sleep paralysis
- sleep disorder characterized by the inability to move just as a person is falling asleep or waking up
298
Hypnagogic Hallucination
- Dreamlike experiences that occur during wakefulness
299
Orexin
- neuropeptide that has been implicated in narcolepsy in dogs and in knockout mice
300
Nucleus Magnocellularis
- the nucleus of the caudal reticular formation that promotes relaxation of the core muscles during REM sleep and during cataplectic attacks
301
Polyphasic Sleep Cycles
- sleep cycles that regularly involve more than one period of sleep per day
302
Monophasic Sleep Cycles
- sleep cycles that regularly involve one period of sleep per day typically at night
303
Sleep inertia
- the unpleasant feeling of grogginess that is sometimes experienced for a few minutes after awakening
304
Electroencephalogram
- a recording of electrical activity along the scalp
305
Electromyogram
- a reading of the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles
306
Alpha waves
- waxing and waning bursts of 8- to 12- Hz EEG waves
307
Sleep spindle
- a burst of oscillatory brain activity visible on an EEG that occurs during stage 2 sleep
308
Initial stage 1 EEG
- is not marked by any striking electromyographic
309
Electrooculogram
- measurement of the resting potential of the retina
310
First night phenomenon
- the disturbance of sleep observed during the first night in a sleep laboratory
311
K complex
- a single large negative wave (upward deflection) followed immediately by a single large positive wave (downward deflection)
312
Delta waves
- largest and slowest of the EEG waves
313
Emergent stage 1 EEG
- are accompanied by REMs and by a loss of tone in the muscles of the body core
314
Rem sleep
- rapid eye movement sleep associated with stage 1 EEG
315
Slow-wave sleep
- stages 3 and 4 of EEG during sleep, named after the delta waves that characterize them
316
Activation-synthesis theory
- information supplied to the cortex during REM sleep is largely random and that the resulting dream is the cortex’s effort to make sense of these random signals
317
Homeostasis
– internal physiological stability
318
Executive function
- cognitive abilities that appear to depend on the prefrontal cortex
319
Nrem sleep
- all other stages of sleep other than stage 1. Only about 7% of nrem sleep leads to dream recall
320
Somnambulism
- otherwise known as sleep walking is when a person walks or performs another activity while asleep
321
Recuperation theories of sleep
- being awake disrupts our homeostasis of the body in some way and sleep is required to restore it
322
Adaptation theories of sleep
- sleep is the result of a 24 hour timing mechanism that is we are programmed to sleep at night despite what happens to us during the day
323
Micro sleeps
- brief periods of sleep typically lasting 2 or 3 seconds where the eyelids droop and the subjects become less responsive to external stimuli
324
Carousel apparatus
- used to deprive rats of sleep; an experimental rat and its yoked control are in spate chambers of the apparatus. Each time the EEG activity of the experimental rat indicates its sleeping the floor will begin to rotate, if the sleeping rat does not move it will be knocked off the floor into the water below
325
Hierarchical Organization
- Characterizes sensory system; System whose members can be assigned to specific levels or ranks in relation to one another
326
Nerve Deafness
- Damage to cochlea or auditory nerve
327
Somatosensory System
System that mediates bodily sensations; Three separate interacting systems: exteroceptive, proprioceptive, interoceptive
328
Posterior Auditory Pathway
- Association cortex; Locating the sounds
329
Olfactory Bulbs
- The first cranial nerves, whose output goes primarily to the amygdala and piriform cortex
330
Papillae
- Small protuberances on the tongue—where taste buds are located
