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Physio 320 > Chapter #1, #2, #3Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter #1, #2, #3Vocab Flashcards

To learn the vocabulary

1
Q

Neurons

A

that receive and transmit electrochemical signals

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2
Q

Neuroscience

A

the scientific study of the nervous system

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3
Q

Thinking Critically

A

thinking in productive, unconventional ways

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4
Q

Clinical

A

pertaining to illness or treatment

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5
Q

Evolutionary Perspective

A

the approach that focus on environmental pressures that likely led to the evolution of the characteristics of current species

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6
Q

Biopsychology

A

the scientific study of the biology of behavior

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7
Q

Comparative Approach

A

It’s a component of the evolution perspective; tries to better understand a biological phenomenon by comparing them in different species

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8
Q

Between-Subjects Designs

A

different group tested under each condition

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9
Q

Within-Subjects Design

A

test same group under each condition

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10
Q

Independent Variable

A

variable being manipulated

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11
Q

Confound

A

A variable that is not accounted forA variable that is not accounted for

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12
Q

Coolidge Effect

A

a copulating male who becomes incapable of copulating with just one partner can recommence copulating with a new partner

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13
Q

Lordosis

A

posture of female rat sexual receptivity

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14
Q

Quasi experiment

A

No random but manipulation

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15
Q

Case Study

A

focuses on single case or subject

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16
Q

Generalizability

A

the degree to which their results can be applied to other studies

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17
Q

Pure Research

A

motivated primarily by the curiosity of the researcher

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18
Q

Applied Research

A

Research to bring about some direct benefit to humankind

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19
Q

Physiological Psychology

A

study of the neural mechanisms of behavior by manipulating the nervous systems of non-human animals in controlled experiments. ex intentionally damage an area of the brain.

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20
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

study of the effects of drugs on the brain and behavior. ex develop meds to help disorders

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21
Q

Neuropsychology

A

study of the psychological effects of brain damage in human patients. ex HM and Pheus Gage

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22
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

the outer layer of the cerebral hemisphere

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23
Q

Psychophysiology

A

Study of the relation between physiological activity and psychological processes in human subjects by noninvasive physiological recording. ex EEG and heart monitors

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24
Q

Electroencephalogram

A

measures brain activity in the scalp

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25
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

part of peripheral nervous system and regulation of body’s internal environment

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26
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

study of human cognition, through the use of brain imaging

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27
Q

Cognition

A

higher intellectual processes such as thought, memory, attention and complex perceptual processes

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28
Q

Comparative Psychology

A

study of evolution, genetics and adaptiveness of behavior, largely through the use of the comparative method

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29
Q

Ethological Research

A

study of animal behavior in its natural environment

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30
Q

Converging Operations

A

different approaches are focused on a single problem in such a way that the strengths of one approach compensates for the weaknesses of the others

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31
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

a neurological disorder that results in brain damage associated with a thiamine-deficiency found in alcoholics and 3rd world countries

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32
Q

Scientific Inference

A

The empirical method used to study the unobservable

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33
Q

Morgan’s Canon

A

The rule that the simplest possible interpretation for a behavioral observation should be given procedure

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34
Q

Prefrontal Lobotomy

A

procedure used to sever the connection between the prefrontal lobe from the rest of the brain

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35
Q

Prefrontal Lobes

A

large areas at the very front of the brain

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36
Q

Leucotomy

A

a procedure where six large cores of prefrontal tissue are cut out with a surgical device

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37
Q

Trans-orbital lobotomy

A

a prefrontal lobotomy performed with a cutting instrument inserted through the eye socket

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38
Q

Psychosurgery

A

any form of brain surgery

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39
Q

Zeitgeist

A

The general intellectual climate of a culture

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40
Q

Cartesian Dualism

A

The philosophical position of Rene Descartes, who argued that the universe is composed of two elements; physical matter and the human mind

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41
Q

Nature-Nurture Issue

A

The debate about the relative contributions of nature (genes) and nurture (experiences) to the behavioral capacities of individuals

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42
Q

Ethology

A

The study of animal behavior in the wild

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43
Q

Instinctive Behaviors

A

Behaviors that occur in all like members of a species even when there seems to have been no opportunity for them to have been learned

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44
Q

Asomatognosia

A

Deficiency in the awareness of parts of one’s own body

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45
Q

Evolve

A

Undergo gradual orderly change

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46
Q

Natural Selection

A

Members of each species vary greatly in their structure and that associated with high rates of survival and reproduction is the most likely ones to be passed on to the future generations

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47
Q

Fitness

A

Ability of an organism to survive and contribute its genes to the next generation

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48
Q

Species

A

Group of organisms that is reproductively isolated from other organisms. Members can produce offspring only by mating with the same species

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49
Q

Conspecifics

A

Members of the same species

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50
Q

Chordates

A

Animals with dorsal nerve cords

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51
Q

Vertebrates

A

First of the chordates and has spinal bones

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52
Q

Amphibians

A

First evolved around 400 million years ago. Frogs toads and salamanders, larval in water, adults can survive on land

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53
Q

Mammals

A

Species whose young are fed by way of the mammary gland

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54
Q

Primates

A

Humans are part of this order. Five families: Prosimians, new world monkeys, old world monkeys, apes and hominids

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55
Q

Hominine

A

Family of primates that includes humans. Two genera: Australopithecus and Homoerectus

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56
Q

Expatiations

A

Evolved to perform one function and were later co-opted to perform another ex. Birds wings were first evolved for walking

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57
Q

Homologous

A

Structures those are similar because they have a common evolutionary origin

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58
Q

Analogous

A

Structures that are similar, but do not have a common evolutionary origin

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59
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Evolution in unrelated species of similar situations to the same environmental demands

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60
Q

Brain Stem

A

Regulates reflex activates that are critical for survival

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61
Q

Cerebrum

A

Plays a role in complex adaptive process (learning, perception, and motivation)

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62
Q

Convolutions

A

Folds on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres

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63
Q

Polygyn

A

male forms mating bonds with more than one female

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64
Q

Polyandry

A

one female forms mating bonds with more than one male

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65
Q

Dichotomous Traits

A

Traits that occur in one form or another, never in combination ex seed color brown or white never brownish white

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66
Q

True-Breeding Lines

A

Breeding lines in which interbred members always produce offspring with the same trait generation after generation

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67
Q

Dominant Trait

A

The trait of dichotomous pair that is expressed in the phenotypes of heterozygous individuals

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68
Q

Recessive Trait

A

The trait of dichotomous pair that is not expressed in the phenotype of heterozygous individuals

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69
Q

Phenotype

A

An organisms observable traits

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70
Q

Genotype

A

The traits that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genetic material

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71
Q

Alleles

A

The two genes that control the same trait

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72
Q

Homozygous

A

Possessing two identical genes for a particular trait

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73
Q

Heterozygous

A

Possessing two different genes for a particular trait

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74
Q

Chromosomes

A

Threadlike structures in the cell nucleus that contains genes; each chromosome is a DNA molecule

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75
Q

Gametes

A

Eggs cells and sperm cells

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76
Q

Meiosis

A

The process of cell division that produces cells with half the chromosomes of the parent cell

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77
Q

Zygote

A

The cell formed from the combanation of a sperm cell and an ovum

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78
Q

Mitosis

A

The process of cell division that produces cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell

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79
Q

Genetic Recombination

A

The meiotic process by which pairs of chromosomes cross one another at random points, breaks apart, and exchange genes

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80
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

A

DNA; the double stranded, coiled molecule of genetic material; a chromosome

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81
Q

Nucleotide Bases

A

A class of chemical substances that includes adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine- the constituents of genetic code

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82
Q

Replication

A

The process by which DNA molecule duplicates itself

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83
Q

Mutations

A

Accidental alterations in individual’s genes that arise during chromosome duplication

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84
Q

Autosomal Chromosomes

A

Chromosomes that come in matched pairs; in mammals all of the chromosomes expect the sex chromosomes are autosomal

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85
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

The pair of chromosomes that determines an individual’s sex; XX for female, XY for male

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86
Q

Sex-Linked Traits

A

Traits that are influenced by genes on the sex chromosomes

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87
Q

Proteins

A

Long chains of amino acids

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88
Q

Amino acids

A

building blocks and breakdown of products of proteins

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89
Q

Enhancers

A

Stretches of DNA that control the rate of expression of target genes

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90
Q

Gene Expression

A

The production of the protein specified by a particular gene

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91
Q

Transcription Factors

A

The process of gene expression; DNA base sequence code to an RNA base sequence code

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92
Q

Ribonucleic Acid

A

RNA; A molecule that is similar to DNA except that it has the nucleotide base uracil and a phosphate and ribose backbone

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93
Q

Messenger RNA

A

A strand of RNA that is transcribed from DNA and carries the genetic code out of the cell nucleus to direct the synthesis of a protein

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94
Q

Ribosomes

A

A structure in the cell’s cytoplasm that translates the genetic code from strands of messenger RNA

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95
Q

Transfer RNA

A

Molecules of RNA that carry amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis

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96
Q

Mitochondria

A

The energy generating DNA containing structures in each cell’s cytoplasm

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97
Q

Human Genome Project

A

The international research effort to construct a detailed map of the human chromosomes

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98
Q

Micro-RNA’s

A

A poorly understood class of RNA molecules that exert major effects on development by changing the actions of genes

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99
Q

Alternative Splicing

A

A mechanism by which the actions of individual genes can be controlled or “edited” so that one gene can produce two or more proteins

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100
Q

Monoallelic Expression

A

A mechanism of gene expression that inactivates one gene of a pair of alleles and allows the other gene of the pair to be expressed

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101
Q

Ontogeny

A

The development of individuals over their life span

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102
Q

Phylogeny

A

The evolutionary development of species

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103
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

PKU; neurological disorder whose symptoms are vomiting, seizures, hyperactivity, brain damage etc

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104
Q

Phenylpyruvic Acid

A

A substance that is found in abnormally high concentrations in the urine of those suffering from phenylketonuria

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105
Q

Sensory Phase

A

The first of the two phases of birdsong development, during which young birds do not sing but from memories of the adult songs they hear

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106
Q

Sensorimotor Phase

A

The second of the phases of the bird song development, during which juvenile birds progress form sub songs to adult songs

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107
Q

Monozygotic Twins

A

Identical twins; twins that develop from the same zygote and are thus genetically identical

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108
Q

Dizygotic Twins

A

Fraternal twins; twins that develop from two zygotes and thus ted to be genetically similar as any pair of sibling

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109
Q

Heritability Estimate

A

A numerical estimate of the proportion of variability that occurred in a particular trait in a particular study and that resulted from the genetic variation among the subjects in the study

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110
Q

Multiplier Effect

A

A mechanism by which the behavioral effects of a gene are increased because the gene promotes the choice of the experiences that have the same behavioral effects

111
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

The portion of the nervous system within the skull and spine

112
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

The portion of the nervous system outside the skull and spine

113
Q

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

A

The part of the peripheral nervous system that interacts with the external environment

114
Q

Afferent Nerve

A

Nerves that carry sensory signals to the CNS; sensory nerves

115
Q

Efferent Nerves

A

Nerves that carry motor signals from the CNS to the skeletal muscles or internal organs

116
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

The part o the PNS that participates in the regulation of the body’s internal environment

117
Q

Sympathetic Nerves

A

Those motor nerves of the autonomic nervous system that project from the CNS in the lumbar and thoracic areas of the spinal cord

118
Q

Parasympathetic Nerves

A

Those motor nerves of the autonomic nervous system that project from the brain (as components of cranial nerves) or from the sacral region of the spinal cord

119
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

2 pairs of nerves extending from the brain

120
Q

Olfactory Nerves

A

The first cranial nerve, whose output goes primarily to the amygdale and prefrontal cortex

121
Q

Optic Nerve

A

Blind spot where all nerves leave eyeball

122
Q

Oculomotor Nerve

A

Eye movement and papillary constriction; sensory signals from certain eye muscles

123
Q

Trochlear Nerve

A

Eye movement, sensory signals from certain eye muscles

124
Q

Trigeminal Nerve

A

Facial sensations, chewing

125
Q

Abducens Nerve

A

Eye movement, sensory signals from certain eye muscles

126
Q

Facial Nerve

A

Taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue, facial expression, secretion of tears, salvation, cranial blood vessel dilation

127
Q

Auditory Nerve

A

, sensory signals from the organs of balance in the inner ear

128
Q

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

A

Taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue, salvation, swallowing

129
Q

Vagus Nerve

A

Sensations from abdominal and thoracic organs, control over abdominal and thoracic organs and muscles of the throat

130
Q

Spinal Accessory Nerve

A

Movement of neck, shoulders, and head; sensory signals from muscles of the neck

131
Q

Hypoglossal Nerve

A

Tongue movements; sensory signals from tongue muscles

132
Q

Meninges

A

The three protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord (singular meninx)

133
Q

Dura Mater

A

The tough outer meninx

134
Q

Arachnoid Membrane

A

The meninx that is located between the dura mater and the pia mater and has the appearance of gauze like spiderweb

135
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A

The space beneath the arachnoid membrane, which contains many large blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid

136
Q

Pia Mater

A

The delicate, inner most meninx

137
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A

The colorless fluid that fills the subarachnoid space, the central canal, and the cerebral ventricles

138
Q

Central Canal (The small CSF)

A

filled channel that runs the length of the spinal cord

139
Q

Cerebral Ventricles

A

The four CSF-filled internal chambers of the brain: the two lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, and the fourth ventricle

140
Q

Choroid Plexuses

A

The network of capillaries that protrude into the ventricles from the pia mater and continuously produce cerebrospinal fluid

141
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

water head, the swelling can cause brain damage

142
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier

A

The mechanism that keeps certain toxic substances in the blood from passing into brain tissue

143
Q

Neurons

A

Cells of the nervous system that are specialized for the reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals

144
Q

Cell Membrane

A

The semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell.

145
Q

Dendrites

A

Primary input pathway

146
Q

Axon Hillock

A

The conical structure at the junction between the axon and cell body

147
Q

Axon

A

Primary output pathway

148
Q

Cell body

A

Houses internal information

149
Q

Myelin

A

A fatty insulating substance found in the extensions of glial cells

150
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

The caps between adjacent myelin segments on an axon

151
Q

Buttons (Terminal Buttons)

A

Main output of information

152
Q

Synapse (Synaptic Cleft)

A

Space between neurons

153
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

A system of folded membranes in the cell body – synthesis of proteins and fats

154
Q

Nucleus

A

The spherical DNA-containing structure of the cell body

155
Q

Mitochondria

A

The energy-generating, DNA-containing structures in each cell’s cytoplasm

156
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The clear internal fluids of the cell

157
Q

Ribosomes

A

Internal cellular structures on which proteins are synthesized; they are located on the endoplasmic reticulum

158
Q

Golgi Complex

A

A connected system of membranes that packages molecules in vesicles

159
Q

Microtubules

A

Tubules responsible for the rapid transport of material throughout neurons

160
Q

Synaptic Vesicles

A

Spherical membrane packages that store neurotransmitter molecules ready for release near synapses

161
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Molecules that are released from active neurons and influence the activity of other cells

162
Q

Lipid Bilayer

A

Signal proteins and channel proteins embedded in it

163
Q

Channel Proteins

A

Certain proteins can pass

164
Q

Signal Proteins

A

Transfer a signal to the inside of the neuron when particular molecules bind to them on the outside of the membrane

165
Q

Multipolar Neuron

A

A neuron with more than two processes extending from its cell body

166
Q

Unipolar Neuron

A

A neuron with one process extending from its cell body

167
Q

Bipolar Neuron

A

A neuron with two processes extending from its cell body

168
Q

Inter-neuron

A

Neurons with short axons or no axons at all, whose function is to integrate neural activity within a single brain structure

169
Q

Nuclei (not within a cell)

A

Clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the central nervous system (singular nucleus)

170
Q

Ganglia

A

Clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system (singular ganglion)

171
Q

Tracts

A

Bundles of axons in the central nervous system

172
Q

Nerves

A

Bundles of axons in the peripheral nervous system

173
Q

Glial Cells

A

Several classes of nonneural cells of the nervous system, whose important contributions to nervous system function are just starting to be understood

174
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Glial cells that myelinate axons of the central nervous system; also known as obligodendroglia

175
Q

Myelin Sheaths

A

Coverings on the axons of some CNS neurons that are rich in myelin and increase the speed and efficiency of axonal conduction

176
Q

Schwann cells

A

The glial cells that compose the myelin sheath of PNS axons and promote their regeneration

177
Q

Microglia

A

Glial cells that respond to injury or disease by engulfing cellular debris and triggering inflammatory responses

178
Q

Astrocytes

A

Large, star-shaped glial cells that play a role in the passage of chemicals from the blood into CNS neurons and perform several other important functions that are not yet well understood

179
Q

Golgi Stain

A

A neural stain that completely darkens a few of the neurons in each slice of tissue, thereby revealing their silhouettes

180
Q

Nissl Stain

A
  • A neural stain that has an affinity for structures in neuron cell bodies
181
Q

Election Microscopy

A

A neuroanatomical technique used to study the fine details of cellular structure

182
Q

Electron Micrograph

A

Captures neuronal structure in detail

183
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope

A

Provides spectacular electron micrographs in 3 dimensions

184
Q

Anterograde Tracing Methods

A
  • Used when an investigator wants to trace the paths of axons projecting away from cell bodies located in a particular area
185
Q

Retrograde Tracing Methods

A

Used when an investigator wants to trace the paths of axons projecting into a particular area

186
Q

Anterior (Rostral)

A

Toward the nose end of a vertebrate

187
Q

Posterior (Caudal)

A

Toward the tail end of a vertebrate or toward the back of the head

188
Q

Dorsal

A

Toward the surface of the back of a vertebrate or toward the top of the head

189
Q

Ventral

A

Toward the chest surface of a vertebrate or toward the bottom of the head

190
Q

Medial

A

Toward the midline of the body of a vertebrate

191
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body of a vertebrate, toward the body’s lateral surface

192
Q

Superior

A

Toward the top of the primate head

193
Q

Inferior

A

Toward the bottom of the primate head

194
Q

Proximal

A
  • Nearer the central core of the body (the elbow are proximal to the wrists)
195
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the central core of the body

196
Q

Horizontal Section

A

Any slices of brain tissue cut in a plane that is parallel to the top of the brain

197
Q

Frontal Section

A

Any slices of brain tissue out in a plane that is parallel to the face; also termed coronal section

198
Q

Horizontal Plane

A

parallel to top of head

199
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

parallel to side of the brain

200
Q

Cross Section

A

section cut at a right angle to any long, narrow, structure

201
Q

Gray Matter

A

composed largely of cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons

202
Q

White Mater

A

composed of largely of myelinated axons

203
Q

Dorsal Horn

A

two dorsal arms of spinal gray matter

204
Q

Ventral Horn

A

two ventral arms of spinal gray matter

205
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

nerves are that paired on the spinal whose axons form either the dorsal or ventral root

206
Q

Dorsal Root

A

some of the axons of the pair spinal nerves that are joined to the cord

207
Q

Ventral Root

A

some of the axons of the pair spinal nerves that are joined to the cord

208
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglion

A

structures just outside spinal cord that are composed of the cell bodies of dorsal root axons; ventral root are motor (efferent) multipolar neurons w/ cell bodies in ventral root.

209
Q

Mylencephalon

A

most posterior of the five divisions of the brain; also called the medulla

210
Q

Medulla

A

Located in the mylencephalon. it’s responsible for life functions such as (hear rate and breathing)

211
Q

Reticular Formation

A

a complex network of nuclei in the core of the brain stem that contains, among other things, motor programs that regulate complex species-common movements such as walking and swimming

212
Q

Metencephalon

A

One of the five divisions of the brain that includes the pons and cerebellum

213
Q

Pons

A

The metencephalic structure that creates a bulge on the ventral surface of the brain stem. responsible for central nervous system and arousal

214
Q

Cerebellum

A

The metencephalic structure that has been shown to mediate the retention of Pavlovian eye blink conditioning

215
Q

Mesencephalon

A

One of the five divisions of the brain; contains the tectum and the tegmentum

216
Q

Tectum

A

the roof or dorsal surface, of the mesencephalon; contains inferior and superior colliculi

217
Q

Inferior Colliculi

A

The structure of the tectum that receive auditory input from the superior olives

218
Q

Superior Colliculi

A

Two of the four nuclei that composed the tectum; they receive major visual input

219
Q

Tegmentum

A

The ventral division of the mesencephalon; contains part of the reticular system, substantia nigra and red nucleus

220
Q

Periaqueductal Gray

A

The gray matter around the cerebral aqueduct, which contain opiate receptors and activates a descending analgesia circuit

221
Q

Cerebral Aqueduct

A

duct that connects the third and forth ventricle

222
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

the midbrain nucleus whose neurons project via the nigrostriatal pathway to the striatum of the basal ganglia; it is part of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system and degenerates in cases of Parkinson’s Disease

223
Q

Red Nucleus

A

A motor structure that is located in the tectum of the mesencephalon

224
Q

Diencephalon

A

One of the five divisions of the brain; contains thalamus and hypothalamus

225
Q

Thalamus

A

The large two-lobed diencephalic structure that constitutes the anterior end of the brain stem; many of its nuclei are sensory relay nuclei that project to the cortex

226
Q

Massa Intermedia

A

the neural structure that is located on the third ventricle and connects the two lobes of the thalamus

227
Q

Sensory Relay Nuclei

A

those nuclei of the thalamus whose main function is to relay sensory signals to the appropriate areas of the cortex

228
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nuclei

A

the six layered thalamic structures that receive input from the retinas and transmit their output to the primary visual cortex

229
Q

Medial Geniculate Nuclei

A

The auditory thalamic nuclei that receives input from the inferior colliculi and project to primary auditory cortex

230
Q

Ventral Posterior Nuclei

A

A thalamic relay nucleus in both the somatosensory and gustatory systems

231
Q

Hypothalamus

A

diencephalic structure that sit just below the anterior portion of the thalamus; it plays a role in motivated behaviors, in part by controlling the pituitary gland

232
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

the gland that dangles from, and is controlled, by the hypothalamus

233
Q

Optic Chiasm

A

the X shaped structure on the inferior surface of the diencephalon; the point where the optic nerve decussate

234
Q

Decussate

A

to cross over to the other side of the brain

235
Q

Contralateral

A

projecting from one side of the brain to another

236
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side of the brain

237
Q

Mammillary Bodies

A

the pair of spherical nuclei that are located on the inferior surface of the posterior hypothalamus

238
Q

Telencephalon

A

The most superior of the brain’s five major divisions; also called the cerebral hemispheres

239
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

layer to neural tissue covering the cerebral hemispheres of humans and other animals

240
Q

Lissencephalic

A

smoothed brain

241
Q

Fissures

A

deep indentation in that separate regions of the brain

242
Q

Sulcus

A

Shallow indentation in the brain

243
Q

Gyrus

A

The fold between the fissure and the sulcus

244
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

the largest of the fissures that almost completely separates the cerebral hemispheres

245
Q

Cerebral Commissures

A

hemisphere connecting tract

246
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

the largest cerebral commissures

247
Q

Central Fissure

A

separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

248
Q

Lateral Fissure

A

separates the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe

249
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

the most anterior of the four cerebral lobes responsible for executive functions and complex functions

250
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

located posterior to the central fissure responsible for sensory information.

251
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

it lies adjacent to the temples and contains the hippocampus and the amygdala it is the primary auditory cortex.

252
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

The most posterior of the cerebral lobes which primary function is visual

253
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

gyrus located anterior to the central fissure; its function is primarily motor

254
Q

Superior Temporal Gyrus

A

the largest gyrus of the temporal lobe adjacent to the lateral fissure; the location of the auditory cortex

255
Q

Neocortex

A

Six layered cerebral cortex of relatively recent evolution; it constitute 90% of the human cerebral cortex

256
Q

Pyramidal Cells

A

Large, multipolar cortical neurons with a pyramid-shaped cell body, an apical dendrite and a very long axon

257
Q

Apical Dendrite

A

a large dendrite that extends from the apex of the pyramidal cell straight towards the cortex surface

258
Q

Stellate Cells

A

small star-shaped interneurons

259
Q

Columnar Organization

A

the functional organization of the neocortex in vertical columns; the cells in each column form a mini-circuit that performs a single function

260
Q

Hippocampus

A

A structure of the medial temporal lobe that plays a role in memory for spatial location

261
Q

Limbic System

A

A collection of interconnected nuclei and tracts that border the talalmus and is widely assumed to play a role in emotion

262
Q

Amygdala

A

a structure in the anterior temporal lobe, just anterior to the hippocampus; plays a role in emotion

263
Q

Cingulate Cortex

A

the cortex of the cingulate gyri, which are located on the medial surface of the frontal lobes

264
Q

Cingulate Gyrus

A

Large gyrus located on the medial surfaces of the frontal lobes; just superior to the corpus callosum

265
Q

Fornix

A

major tract of the limbic system; it connects the hippocampus with the sectum and mammillary bodies

266
Q

Septum

A

a midline nucleus of the limbic system located near the anterior tip of the cingulate cortex

267
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

– A collection of subcortical nuclei that have important motor functions

268
Q

Caudate

A

tail-like structure that is part of the striatum

269
Q

Putamen

A

A structure that is joined to the caudate by a series of fiber bridges; together the putamen and caudate form the striatum

270
Q

Striatum

A

A structure of the basal ganglia that is the terminal of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway and is damaged in Parkinson’s patients; it seems to play a role in memory for consistent relationships between stimuli and responses in multiple-trial tasks

271
Q

Globus Pallidus

A

One of the basal ganglia; located between the putamen and the thalamus

272
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

A movement disorder that is associated with degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway

273
Q

Nucleus Accumbens

A

Nucleus of the ventral striatum and a major terminal of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine theory

Physio 320 (11 decks)

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