Chapter 11, 12 & 15 Vocabulary Flashcards
1
Q
Learning
A
The brain?s ability to change in response to experience
2
Q
Memory
A
The brain?s ability to store and access the learned effects of experience
3
Q
Amnesia
A
Any pathological loss of memory
4
Q
Bilateral Medial Temporal Lobectomy
A
The removal of the medial portions of both temporal lobes including the hippocampus, amygdala and adjacent cortex.
5
Q
Hippocampus
A
A structure of the medial temporal lobes that plays a role in memory for spatial location
6
Q
Lobotomy
A
Operation in which a lobe is separated from the rest of the brain
7
Q
Amygdala
A
Structure in the anterior temporal lobe, just anterior to the hippocampus; plays a role in emotion
8
Q
Retrograde Amnesia
A
Inability to recall things prior to the episode
9
Q
Anterograde Amnesia
A
Inability to form new memories since the episode
10
Q
Short Term Memory
A
The capacity for holding a small amount of information in mind in an active, readily available state for a short period of time
11
Q
Digit Span
A
The number of digits (numbers) one can remember
12
Q
Digit Span + 1 Test
A
HM failed this test. People can normally repeat 15 digits after 25 digit span + 1 trials
13
Q
Block-Tapping Memory-Span Test
A
9 blocks spread out on a board. Repeat a sequence. HM could do 5 block sequences but not 6
14
Q
Block-Tapping Span
A
HM was within normal range of 5.
15
Q
Global Amnesia
A
Amnesia for info presented in all sensory modalities
16
Q
Block-Tapping Memory Span Test
A
Assesses visuo-spatial short term working memory. It involves mimicking a researcher as he/she taps a sequence of up to nine identical spatially separated blocks.
17
Q
Mirror-Drawing Test
A
Like the straw drawing test we did. HM did not have problem with all long term memory. Over a three day set of trials, he got better at the drawing task, even though he could not remember performing the task the days before
18
Q
Rotary-Pursuit Test
A
Try to keep the stylus on the revolving turntable. . Over a 9 day set of trials, he got better at the task, even though he could not remember performing the task the days before
19
Q
Incomplete-Pictures Test
A
HM was capable of forming long term with the incomplete picture task. Presented five sets of fragmented drawings then progresses to showing more and more of the completed picture.
20
Q
Remote Memory
A
memory that is serviceable for events long past, but not able to acquire new recollections
21
Q
Memory Consolidation
A
Transfer of short-term memory to long-term memory
22
Q
Explicit Memories
A
Conscious memory
23
Q
Implicit Memories
A
unconscious memory
24
Q
Medial Temporal Lobe Amnesia
A
Medial temporal lobe damage
25
Repetition Priming Tests
Tests that have been developed to assess implicit memory (incomplete picture test is an example)
26
Semantic Memories
Knowledge based memory
27
Episodic Memories
Personal memories or particular events
28
Autobiographical Memories
SAME AS EPISODIC
29
Cerebral Ischemia
Have experienced an interruption of blood supply to their brain
30
Pyramidal Cell Layer
a type of neuron found in areas of the brain including cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, and in the amygdala. Pyramidal neurons are the primary excitation units of the mammalian prefrontal cortex and the corticospinal tract.
31
CA1 Subfield
Major component of the hippocampus (case study of RB, this was damaged)
32
Korsakoff?s Syndrome
Disorder of memory that is common in ppl who have consumed large amounts of alcohol. Largely attributable to the brain damage associated with the thiamine deficiency that often accompanies heavy alcohol consumption. Advanced stages are characterized by a variety of sensory and motor problems, extreme confusion, personality changes, and a risk of death of the liver. Reveals lesions to the medial diencephalon and neocortex, hippocampus and the cerebellum.
33
Medial Diencephalon
The medial thalamus and the medial hypothalamus
34
Mammillary Bodies
The pair of spherical nuclei that are located on the inferior surface of the posterior hypothalamus
35
Mediodorsal Nuclei
A pair of medial diencephalic nuclei in the thalamus, damage to which is thought to be responsible for many of the memory deficits associated with Korsakoff?s syndrome
36
Medial Diencephalic Amnesia
Amnesia associated with the damage of the medial diencephalon (ie: Korsakoff?s Syndrome)
37
Alzheimer?s Disease
Major cause of amnesia. First sign is often mild deterioration of memory. Progressive and leads to dementia.
38
Dementia
serious loss of cognitive ability in a previously unimpaired person
39
Predementia Alzheimer?s Patients
Alzheimer?s patients that have not developed dementia
40
Basal Forebrain
Midline area located just above the hypothalamus. Degeneration of this occurs in Alzheimer?s patients
41
Concussion
Temporary disturbance of consciousness produced by a non-penetrating head injury
42
Coma
a state of unconsciousness lasting more than six hours,[1] in which a person: cannot be awakened; fails to respond normally to painful stimuli, light, or sound; lacks a normal sleep-wake cycle; and, does not initiate voluntary actions.[
43
Posttraumatic Amnesia
Amnesia produced by non penetrating tramatic head injury
patients cannot remember anything during, amnesia they are very confused but once it passes their memory goes back to normal
44
Islands of Memory
Memories that sometimes survive for isolated events that occurred during periods that have otherwise been wiped out
45
Electroconvulsive Shock
An intense, brief, diffuse, seizure-inducing current administered to the brain via large electrodes attached to the scalp
46
Standard Consolidation Theory
Theory that memories are temporarily stored in the hippocampus until they can be transferred to a more stable cortical storage system.
47
Reconsolidation
Each time a memory is retrieved from long-term storage, it is temporarily held in labile (changeable or unstable) short term memory, where it is once again susceptible to posttraumatic amnesia before it is reconsolidated
48
Multiple-Trace Theory
Theory that memories are encoded in a distributed fashion throughout the hippocampus and other brain structures for as long as the memories exist
49
Engram
A change in the brain that stores a memory
50
Delayed Nonmatching-to-Sample Test
A test in which subjects is presented with an unfamiliar sample object and then after a delay, is presented with a choice between the sample object and an unfamiliar object, where the correct choice is the unfamiliar object
51
Rhinal Cortex
An area of medial temporal cortex adjacent to the amygalda and hippocampus
52
Mumby Box
An apparatus that is used in a rat version of the delayed non matching- to-sample test
53
Entorhinal Cortex
The portion of the rhinal cortex within the rhinal fissure
54
Perirhinal Cortex
The portion of the rhinal cortex around the rhinal fissure
55
Morris Water Maze
A pool of milky water that has a goal platform invisible just beneath its surface and is used to study the ability of rats to learn spatial locations
56
Radial Arm Maze
A maze in which several arms radiate out from a central starting chamber, commonly used to study spatial learning in rats
57
Reference Memory
Memory for the general principles and skills that are required to perform a task
58
Working Memory
Temporary memory necessary for the successful performance of a task on which one is currently working
59
Place Cells
Neurons that develop place fields-that is, that respond only when the subject is in a particular place in a familiar test environment
60
Grid Cells
a place-modulated neuron whose multiple firing locations define a periodic triangular array covering the entire available surface of an open two-dimensional environment.
61
Head Direction Cells
neurons found in several brain areas that discharge in relation to the animal?s directional heading with respect to the environment in the horizontal (yaw) plane.
62
Place Fields
Neurons that respond only when a subject is in specific locations
63
Cognitive Map Theory
The theory that the main function of the hippocampus is to store memories of spatial location
64
Inferotemporal Cortex
The cortex of the inferior temporal love, in which is located an area of secondary visual cortex that is involved in object recognition
65
Prefrontal Cortex
The area of the frontal cortex that is anterior to motor cortex
66
Cerebellum
The metencephalic structure that has been shown to mediate the retention of Pavlovian eye blink conditioning
67
Striatum
A structure of the basal ganglia that is the terminal of the dopaminergic nigrostrial pathway and is damaged in Parkinson?s patients; it seems to play a role in memory for consistent relationships between stimuli and responses in multiple-trail tasks
68
Long-Term Potentiation
The enduring facilitation of synaptic transmission that occurs following activation of synapses by high-frequency stimulation of the presynaptic
69
Co-occurrence
Firing in presynaptic and postsynaptic cells is now recognized as the critical factor in LTP
70
Hebb?s Postulate for Learning
Assumption that co-occurrence is a physiological necessity for learning and memory
71
NMDA Receptor
Glutamate receptors tat play key roles in the development of stroke-induced brain damage and long term potentiation at glutamingeric synapses
72
Glutamate
The brain?s most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter, whose excessive release causes much of the brain damage resulting from cerebral ischemia
73
Protein Kinases
A class of enzymes that influence many chemical reactions of the cell
74
Dendritic Spines
A small membranous protrusion from a neuron's dendrite that typically receives input from a single synapse of an axon. Dendritic spines serve as a storage site for synaptic strength and help transmit electrical signals to the neuron's cell body
75
Transcription Factors
Any intracellular proteins that bind to DNA and influence the operation of particular genes
76
Nitric Oxide
A soluble gas neurotransmitter
77
Infantile Amnesia
We remember virtually nothing of the events of our infancy
78
Anorexia Nervosa
3% suffer from this or bulimia. It?s an eating disorder characterized by immoderate food restriction and irrational fear of gaining weight, as well as a distorted body self-perception.
79
Bulimia Nervosa
3% suffer from this or anorexia. Bulimia is an illness in which a person binges on food or has regular episodes of overeating and feels a loss of control. The person then uses different methods -- such as vomiting or abusing laxatives -- to prevent weight gain
80
Set Point
Prescribed optimal level
81
Gastrointestinal Tract
Parotid gland, slaivary gland, esophagus, stomach, liver, pyloric sphinctrer, gall bladder, pancreas, duodenum, large intestine, small intestine and the anus
82
Digestion
Gastointestinal process of breaking down food and absorbing its constituents into the body.
83
Lipids
Fats. One the the three forms that energy is delivered
84
Amino Acids
The breakdown products of proteins. One the the three forms that energy is delivered
85
Glucose
A simple sugar that is the breakdown product of complex carbs, that is, starches and sugars. One the the three forms that energy is delivered
86
Carbohydrates
Complex starches and sugars
87
Fats
They are a source of energy in foods. Fats belong to a group of substances called lipids, and come in liquid or solid form. All fats are combinations of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
88
Glycogen
The chief carbohydrate storage material in animals, stored primarily in liver and muscle; it is synthesized and degraded for energy as demanded. Glycogen
89
Proteins
Proteins are large, complex molecules that play many critical roles in the body. They do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body?s tissues and organs
90
Energy Metabolism
The chemical changes by which energy is made available for an organisms use
91
Cephalic Phase
Preparatory phase, it often begins with the smell, sight or even the thought of food and it ends when the food starts to be absorbed into the bloodstream.
92
Absorptive Phase
Period during which the energy absorbed into the bloodstream from the meal is meeting the body?s immediate energy needs
93
Fasting Phase
Period during which all of the unstored energy from the previous meal has been used and the body is withdrawing energy from its reserves to meet immediate energy requirements
94
Insulin
Promotes the use of glucose as the primary source of energy by the body. It promotes the conversion of bloodborne fuels to forms that can be stored: glucose to glycogen and fat, and amino acids to proteins. It promotes the storage of glycogen in liver and muscle, fat in adipose tissue, and protein in muscle.
95
Glucagon
A pancreatic hormone that promotes the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue, their conversion to ketones, and the use of both sources as energy.
96
Gluconeogenesis
The process by which protein is converted to glucose
97
Free Fatty Acids
The main source of the body?s energy during the fastest phase; released from adipose tissue in response to high levels of glucagon.
98
Ketones
Breakdown products of free fatty acids that are used by muscles as a source of energy during the fasting phase
99
Set-Point Assumption
The assumption that hunger is typically triggered by the decline of the body?s energy reserves below their set point.
100
Meal
A bout of eating
101
Hunger
The motivation to eat
102
Satiated
No longer hunger
103
Set-Point Mechanism
One of the components of all set point systems; defines the set point
104
Detector Mechanism
One of the components of all set point systems; detects deviations from the set point
105
Effector Mechanism
One of the components of all set point systems; acts to eliminate the deviations
106
Negative Feedback Systems
Systems in which feedback from changes in one direction elicit compensatory effects in the opposite direction
107
Homeostasis
Stable internal environment. Crucial for mammal?s survival
108
Glucostatic Theory
The idea that being hungry occurs when our blood glucose levels drop significantly below their set point and that we become satiated when eating returns our blood glucose levels to their set point.
109
Lipostatic Theory
Another set point theory, every person has a set point for body fat, and deviations from, this set point produce compensatory adjustments in the level of eating that return levels of body fat to their set point.
110
Positive-Incentive Theory
Humans and other animals are not normally driven to eat by internal energy deficits but are drawn to eat by anticipated pleasure of eating
111
Positive-Incentive Value
The anticipated pleasure of the behavior of eating
112
Thiamine
A vitamin used by the body to break down sugars in the diet.
113
Satiety
The motivational state that causes us to stop eating a meal when there is food remaining
114
Sham Eating
The experimental protocol in which an animal chew and swallows food, which immediately exits its body through a tube implanted in its esophagus.
115
Appetizer Effect
The fact that small amounts of food consumed before a meal actually increase hunger rather than reducing it
116
Cafeteria Diet
Varied diet of highly palatable food
117
Sensory-Specific Satiety
The fact that the consumption of a particular food produces increased satiety foods of the same taste than for other foods.
118
Lateral Hypothalamus
Suggested that it is one of the areas that control eating behavior. WRONG
119
Hyperphagia
Excessive eating
120
VMH Syndrome
Lesions to the VMH which leads to complications in eating; two phases static or dymanic
121
Dynamic Phase
Begins as soon as the subject regains conscieousness after the operation, is characterized by several weeks of grossly excessive eating and rapid weight gain.
122
Static Phase
Consumption gradually declines to a level that maintains a stable level of obesity.
123
LH Syndrome
Bilateral lesions to the LH; leads to aphagia and adipsia
124
Aphagia
A complete cessation of eating
125
Adipsia
A complete cessation of drinking, accompanies aphagia
126
Lipogenesis
The production of body fat
127
Lipolysis
The breakdown of body fat to utilizable forms of energy
128
Ventral Noradrenergic Bundle
Maybe the reason for the effects of VMH syndrome, not VMH
129
Paraventricular Nuclei
Maybe the reason for the effects of VMH syndrome, not VMH
130
Duodenums
The upper portion of the intestine through which most of the glucose and amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream.
131
Pyloric Sphincter
Keeps contents in the stomach
132
Peptides
Stomach and other parts of the gastrointestinal tract release chemical signals to the brain
133
Cholecystokinin
Gut peptides
134
Satiety Peptides
CCK, bombesin, glucagon, alpha-meloncyte-stim, and somatosin; reduce food intake
135
Conditioned Taste Aversion
Classical conditioning, Not liking a food associated with a negative outcome
136
Hunger Peptides
Peptides that increase appetite, synthesized in the brain, particularly in the hypothalamus
137
Prader-Willi Syndrome
Experience insatiable hunger, little or no satiety, and an exceptionally slow metabolism. Acts as they he or she is starving. Weak muscles, small hands and feet. Stubbornness, feeding difficulties.
138
Hypotonia
Below normal muscle tone
139
Ad Libitum
Latin for "at one's pleasure"; experiments with this level of consumption is unhealthy
140
Calorie-Restriction Experiments
Experiment when they withhold food, reduced calories result in improved health and increase to longevity.
141
Diet-Induced Thermogenesis
The mechanism by which the body adjusts the efficiency of its energy utilization in response to its levels of body fat
142
Basal Metabolic Rate
The rate at which they utilize energy to maintain bodily processes when resting
143
Settling Point
The level at which the various factors that influence body weight achieve equilibrium.
144
Leaky-Barrel Model
A settling point model of eating and body weight homeostasis. 1. Amount of water entering =amount of food 2. Water pressure = pos incentive value of food available 3. Amount of water entering the barrel = amount of energy consumed 4. Water level = level of body fat 5. Amount of water leaking = amount of energy being expended 6. Weight of barrel =strength of the satiety signal
145
Nonexercise Activity Thermogenesis
NEAT, generated by activities such as fidgeting and the maintenance of posture and muscle tone
146
Leptin
Fat actively releases this peptide
147
ob/ob Mice
Grossly obese mice that have homozygous genes for obesity
148
Subcutaneous Fat
Fat stored under the skin
149
Visceral Fat
Fat stored around the internal organs of the body cavity
150
Arcuate Nucleus
Part of the hypothalamus, where receptors to know levels of body fat
151
Neuropeptide Y
The gut hunger peptide
152
Melanocortins
group of peptide hormones which include adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and the different forms of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
153
ˆ-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone
Class of the gut statiety peptide
154
Melanocortin System
Melanocortin-releasing neurons in the arcuate nucleus
155
Gastric Bypass
Gastric bypass is surgery that helps you lose weight by changing how your stomach and small intestine handle the food you eat
156
Adjustable Gastric Band Procedure
an inflatable silicone device placed around the top portion of the stomach to treat obesity, intended to slow consumption of foods and thus the amount of food consumed
157
Bingeing
Eating huge amounts of food in short periods of time
158
Purging
Vomiting
159
Bingeing Anorexics
Excessive use of laxatives, enemas, or diuretics or by extreme exercise
160
Pharmacological
scientific study of drugs
161
Psychoactive Drugs
affects subjects behavior or experience by acting the nervous system
162
Anorexia Nervosa
3% suffer from this or bulimia. It?s an eating disorder characterized by immoderate food restriction and irrational fear of gaining weight, as well as a distorted body self-perception.
163
Bulimia Nervosa
3% suffer from this or anorexia. Bulimia is an illness in which a person binges on food or has regular episodes of overeating and feels a loss of control. The person then uses different methods -- such as vomiting or abusing laxatives -- to prevent weight gain
164
Set Point
Prescribed optimal level
165
Gastrointestinal Tract
Parotid gland, slaivary gland, esophagus, stomach, liver, pyloric sphinctrer, gall bladder, pancreas, duodenum, large intestine, small intestine and the anus
166
Digestion
Gastointestinal process of breaking down food and absorbing its constituents into the body.
167
Lipids
Fats. One the the three forms that energy is delivered
168
Amino Acids
The breakdown products of proteins. One the the three forms that energy is delivered
169
Glucose
A simple sugar that is the breakdown product of complex carbs, that is, starches and sugars. One the the three forms that energy is delivered
170
Carbohydrates
Complex starches and sugars
171
Fats
They are a source of energy in foods. Fats belong to a group of substances called lipids, and come in liquid or solid form. All fats are combinations of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
172
Glycogen
The chief carbohydrate storage material in animals, stored primarily in liver and muscle; it is synthesized and degraded for energy as demanded. Glycogen
173
Proteins
Proteins are large, complex molecules that play many critical roles in the body. They do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body?s tissues and organs
174
Energy Metabolism
The chemical changes by which energy is made available for an organisms use
175
Insulin
Promotes the use of glucose as the primary source of energy by the body. It promotes the conversion of bloodborne fuels to forms that can be stored: glucose to glycogen and fat, and amino acids to proteins. It promotes the storage of glycogen in liver and muscle, fat in adipose tissue, and protein in muscle.
176
Glucagon
A pancreatic hormone that promotes the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue, their conversion to ketones, and the use of both sources as energy.
177
Gluconeogenesis
The process by which protein is converted to glucose
178
Free Fatty Acids
The main source of the body?s energy during the fastest phase; released from adipose tissue in response to high levels of glucagon.
179
Ketones
Breakdown products of free fatty acids that are used by muscles as a source of energy during the fasting phase
180
Set-Point Assumption
The assumption that hunger is typically triggered by the decline of the body?s energy reserves below their set point.
181
Meal
A bout of eating
182
Hunger
The motivation to eat
183
Satiated
No longer hunger
184
Set-Point Mechanism
One of the components of all set point systems; defines the set point
185
Detector Mechanism
One of the components of all set point systems; detects deviations from the set point
186
Effector Mechanism
One of the components of all set point systems; acts to eliminate the deviations
187
Negative Feedback Systems
Systems in which feedback from changes in one direction elicit compensatory effects in the opposite direction
188
Homeostasis
Stable internal environment. Crucial for mammal?s survival
189
Glucostatic Theory
The idea that being hungry occurs when our blood glucose levels drop significantly below their set point and that we become satiated when eating returns our blood glucose levels to their set point.
190
Lipostatic Theory
Another set point theory, every person has a set point for body fat, and deviations from, this set point produce compensatory adjustments in the level of eating that return levels of body fat to their set point.
191
Positive-Incentive Theory
Humans and other animals are not normally driven to eat by internal energy deficits but are drawn to eat by anticipated pleasure of eating
192
Positive-Incentive Value
The anticipated pleasure of the behavior of eating
193
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
Suggested that it is one of the areas that control eating behavior. WRONG
194
LH
Drives animal to eat when distroyed they will stop eating
195
Hyperphagia
Excessive eating
196
VMH Syndrome
Lesions to the VMH which leads to complications in eating; two phases static or dymanic
197
Dynamic Phase
Begins as soon as the subject regains conscieousness after the operation, is characterized by several weeks of grossly excessive eating and rapid weight gain.
198
Static Phase
Consumption gradually declines to a level that maintains a stable level of obesity.
199
LH Syndrome
Bilateral lesions to the LH; leads to aphagia and adipsia
200
Aphagia
A complete cessation of eating
201
Adipsia
A complete cessation of drinking, accompanies aphagia
202
Lipogenesis
The production of body fat
203
Lipolysis
The breakdown of body fat to utilizable forms of energy
204
Ventral Noradrenergic Bundle
Maybe the reason for the effects of VMH syndrome, not VMH
205
Paraventricular Nuclei
Maybe the reason for the effects of VMH syndrome, not VMH
206
Duodenums
The upper portion of the intestine through which most of the glucose and amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream.
207
Pyloric Sphincter
Keeps contents in the stomach
208
Peptides
Stomach and other parts of the gastrointestinal tract release chemical signals to the brain
209
Cholecystokinin
Gut peptides
210
Satiety Peptides
CCK, bombesin, glucagon, alpha-meloncyte-stim, and somatosin; reduce food intake
211
Conditioned Taste Aversion
Classical conditioning, Not liking a food associated with a negative outcome
212
Hunger Peptides
Peptides that increase appetite, synthesized in the brain, particularly in the hypothalamus
213
Prader-Willi Syndrome
Experience insatiable hunger, little or no satiety, and an exceptionally slow metabolism. Acts as they he or she is starving. Weak muscles, small hands and feet. Stubbornness, feeding difficulties.
214
Hypotonia
Below normal muscle tone
215
Ad Libitum
Latin for "at one's pleasure"; experiments with this level of consumption is unhealthy
216
Calorie-Restriction Experiments
Experiment when they withhold food, reduced calories result in improved health and increase to longevity.
217
Diet-Induced Thermogenesis
The mechanism by which the body adjusts the efficiency of its energy utilization in response to its levels of body fat
218
Basal Metabolic Rate
The rate at which they utilize energy to maintain bodily processes when resting
219
Settling Point
The level at which the various factors that influence body weight achieve equilibrium.
220
Leaky-Barrel Model
A settling point model of eating and body weight homeostasis. 1. Amount of water entering =amount of food 2. Water pressure = pos incentive value of food available 3. Amount of water entering the barrel = amount of energy consumed 4. Water level = level of body fat 5. Amount of water leaking = amount of energy being expended 6. Weight of barrel =strength of the satiety signal
221
Nonexercise Activity Thermogenesis
NEAT, generated by activities such as fidgeting and the maintenance of posture and muscle tone
222
Leptin
Fat actively releases this peptide
223
ob/ob Mice
Grossly obese mice that have homozygous genes for obesity
224
Subcutaneous Fat
Fat stored under the skin
225
Visceral Fat
Fat stored around the internal organs of the body cavity
226
Arcuate Nucleus
Part of the hypothalamus, where receptors to know levels of body fat
227
Neuropeptide Y
The gut hunger peptide
228
Melanocortins
group of peptide hormones which include adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and the different forms of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
229
ˆ-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone
Class of the gut statiety peptide
230
Melanocortin System
Melanocortin-releasing neurons in the arcuate nucleus
231
Gastric Bypass
Gastric bypass is surgery that helps you lose weight by changing how your stomach and small intestine handle the food you eat
232
Adjustable Gastric Band Procedure
an inflatable silicone device placed around the top portion of the stomach to treat obesity, intended to slow consumption of foods and thus the amount of food consumed
233
Subcutaneously
Into the fatty tissues just beneath the skin; (Drug injections are typically made here)
234
Intramuscularly
Into the large muscles
235
Intravenously
Directly into veins at points where they run just beneath the skin
236
Inhalation
Inhaling or breathing in
237
Blood Brain Barrier
A protective filter that makes it difficult for many potentially dangerous blood borne chemicals to pass from the blood vessels of the CNS to its neurons
238
Drug Metabolism
The conversion of a drug from its active form to a non active form
239
Drug Tolerance
A state of decreased sensitivity to a drug that develops as a result of exposure to the drug
240
Cross Tolerance
Tolerance to the effects of one drug that develops as the result of exposure to another drug that acts by the same mechanism
241
Drug Sensitization
An increase in the sensitivity to a drug effect that develops as the result of exposure to the drug
242
Metabolic Tolerance
Tolerance that results from reduction in the amount of a drug getting to its sites of action
243
Functional Tolerance
Tolerance resulting from a reduction in the reactivity of the nervous system to a drug
244
Withdrawal Syndrome
The illness brought on by the elimination from the body of a drug on which the person is physically dependent
245
Physically Dependent
Being in a state in which the discontinuation of drug taking will induce withdrawal reactions
246
Addicts
Habitual drug users who continue to use a drug despite its adverse effects on their health and social life and despite their repeated efforts to stop using it
247
Contingent Drug Tolerance
Drug tolerance that develops as a reaction to the experience of the effects of drugs rather than to drug exposure alone
248
Before-and-After Design
The experimental design used to demonstrate contingent drug tolerance; the experimental group receives the drug before each of a series of behavioral tests and the control group receives the drug after each test
249
Conditioned Drug Tolerance
Tolerance effects that are maximally expressed only when a drug is administered in the situation in which it has previously been administered
250
Hypothermic
Temperature reducing
251
Situational Specificity of Drug Tolerance
The effect is large, reliable, and general
252
Overdose
When the drug is administered in a new context
253
Conditioned Compensatory Responses
Physiological responses opposite to the effects of a drug that are thought to be elicited by stimuli that are regularly associated with experiencing the drug effects
254
Extereoceptive Stimuli
Stimuli that arise from outside the body
255
Interoceptive Stimuli
Stimuli that arise from inside the body
256
Nicotine
The major psychoactive ingredient of tobacco
257
Smoker’s Syndrome
The chest pain, labored breathing, wheezing, coughing and heightened susceptibility to infections of the respiratory tract commonly observed in tobacco smoker’s
258
Bronchitis
Chronic inflammation of the bronchioles of the lungs
259
Emphysema
Loss of elasticity of the lung from chronic irritation
260
Buerger’s Disease
A condition in which the blood vessels, especially those supplying the legs, are constricted whenever nicotine enters the bloodstream, the ultimate result being gangrene and amputation
261
Alcohol
Stimulant and a Depressant; Major cause of motor vehicle accidents; May lead to thiamine deficiency
262
Depressant
A drug that depresses neural activity
263
Delirium Tremens
The phase of alcohol withdrawal syndrome characterized by hallucinations, delusions, agitations, confusion, hyperthermia and tachycardia
264
Korsakoff’s Syndrome
A neuropsychological disorder that is common in alcoholics and whose primary symptom is sever memory loss
265
Cirrhosis
Scarring, typically of the liver
266
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
A syndrome produced by prenatal exposure to alcohol and characterized by brain damage, mental retardation, poor coordination, poor muscle tone, low birth weight, retarded growth and or physical deformity
267
Disulfiram
Used to treat chronic alcoholism. It causes unpleasant effects when even small amounts of alcohol are consumed.
268
Cannatis Sativa
The common hemp plant, which is the source of marijuana
269
THC
The main psychoactive constituent of marijuana
270
Marijuana
Refers to any number of preparations of the Cannabis plant intended for use as a psychoactive drug
271
Narcotic
A legal category of drugs, mostly opiates
272
Anandamide
The first endogenous endocannabinoid to be discovered and characterized
273
Stimulants
Drugs that produce general increases in neural and behavioral activity
274
Cocaine
A potent catecholamine agonist and stimulant that is highly addictive
275
Cocaine Hydrochloride
The nefarious white powder that is referred to simply as cocaine
276
Crack
A potent, cheap, smokable form of cocaine
277
Cocaine Sprees
Binges of cocaine use
278
Cocaine Psychosis
Psychotic behavior observed during a cocaine spree, similar in many respects to paranoid schizophrenia
279
Amphetamine
A stimulant drug whose effects are similar to those of cocaine (speed)
280
Amphetamine Psychosis
The effects of d-amphetamine are comparable to those of cocaine; it produces a syndrome of psychosis
281
Methamphetamine
Also known as Meth; commonly used in its even more potent smokable crystalline form (rock or crystal)
282
Opium
The sap that exudes from the seed pods of the opium poppy
283
Morphine
The major psychoactive ingredient in opium
284
Codeine
A relatively weak psychoactive ingredient of opium
285
Opiates
Morphine, codeine, heroin, and other chemicals with similar structures or effects
286
Endorphins
A class of endogenous opiods
287
Enkephalins
The first class of endogenous opiods to be discovered
288
Analgesics
Drugs that reduce pain
289
Harrison Narcotics Act
The act, passed in 1914, that made it illegal to sell or use opium, morphine, or cocaine in the united states
290
Heroin
A powerful semisynthetic opiate
291
Methadone
Used to relieve moderate to severe pain that has not been relieved by non-narcotic pain relievers
292
Buprenorphine
Approved for the treatment of heroin addiction
293
Physical-Dependence Theories of Addiction
Theories holding that the main factor that motivates drug addicts to keep taking drugs is the prevention or termination of withdrawal symptoms
294
Detoxified Addicts
Addicts who have none of the drug to which they are addicted in their body and who are no longer experiencing withdrawal symptoms
295
Positive-Incentive Theories of Addiction
Theories holding that the primary factor in most cases of addiction is a craving for the pleasure-producing properties of drugs
296
Positive-Incentive Value
The anticipated pleasure associated with a particular action, such as taking a drug
297
Hedonic Value
The amount of pleasure produced by an action
298
Incentive-Sensitization Theory
Theory that addictions develop when drug use sensitizes the neural circuits mediating wanting of the drug-not necessarily liking for the drug
299
Relapse
To return to a diseased state after a period of improvement (e.g., to return to addictive drug taking after a period of voluntary abstinence)
300
Drug Priming
A single exposure to a formerly abused drug
301
Intracranial Self-Stimulation
The repeated performance of a response that delivers electrical stimulation to certain sites in the animals brain
302
Primed
Induced to resume self-stimulation by the delivery of a few free stimulation
303
Mesotelencephalic Dopamine System
The ascending projections of dopamine-releasing neurons from the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area of the midbrain into various regions of the telencephalon
304
Substantia Nigra
The midbrain nucleus whose neurons project via the nigrostriatal pathway to the striatum of the basal ganglia
305
Ventral Tegmental Area
The midbrain nucleus of the mesotelencpalic dopamine system that is a major source of the mesoscorticolimbic pathway
306
Nucleus Accumbens
Nucleus of the ventral striatum and a major terminal of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathways
307
Mesocorticolimbic Pathway
Most of the axons of dopaminergic neurons that have their cell bodies in the substania nigra project to the dorsal striatum
308
Nigrostriatal Pathway
Most of the axons of dopaminergicc neurons that have their cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area project to various cortical and limbic sites
309
Drug Self-Administration Paradigm
A test of the addictive potential of drugs in which laboratory animals can inject drugs into themselves by pressing a lever
310
Conditioned Place-Preference Paradigm
A test that assess a laboratory animals preference for environments in which it has previously experienced drug effects
311
Dopamine Transporters
Molecules in the presynaptic membrane of dopaminergic neurons that attract dopamine molecules in the synaptic cleft and deposit them back inside the neuron
