Chapter 17 and 18 Vocab Flashcards
1
Q
James-Lange Theory-
A
The theory that emotional experience results from the brains perception of the pattern of autonomic and somatic nervous system responses elicited by emotion inducing sensory stimuli
2
Q
Cannon-Bard Theory-
A
The theory that emotional experience and emotional expression are parallel processes that have no direct causal relation
3
Q
Decorticate-
A
Lacking a cortex
4
Q
Sham rage-
A
The exaggerated poorly directed aggressive response of decorticate animals
5
Q
Limbic system-
A
A collection of interconnected nuclei and tracts that borders the thalamus and is widely assumed to play a role in emotion
6
Q
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome-
A
The syndrome of behavioral changes that is induced in primates by bilateral damage to the anterior temporal lobes
7
Q
Amygdala-
A
A structure in the anterior temporal lobe just anterior to the hippocampus; plays role in emotion
8
Q
Polygraphy-
A
A pattern of mate bonding in which one male bondÕs with more than one female; the most prevalent pattern of mate bonding in mammals
9
Q
Control-question technique-
A
A lie detection interrogation method in which the polygrapher compares the physiological responses to target questions with the response to control questions
10
Q
Guilty-Knowledge technique-
A
A lie detection method in which the polygrapher records autonomic nervous system responses to a list of control and crime relate information known only to the guilty person and the examiner
11
Q
Facial feedback hypothesis-
A
The hypothesis that our facial expressions can influence how we feel
12
Q
Microexpressions-
A
a brief, involuntary facial expression shown on the face of humans according to emotions experienced. They usually occur in high-stakes situations, where people have something to lose or gain
13
Q
Orbicualris Oculi-
A
facial muscle that is contracted during genuine smiles; encircles the eye and pulls the skin from the cheeks and forehead toward the eyeball
14
Q
Zygomaticus major-
A
facial muscle that is contracted during genuine smiles; controlled voluntarily
15
Q
Duchenne smile-
A
A genuine smile one that includes contraction of the facial muscles called the orbicularis oculi
16
Q
Fear-
A
The emotional reaction that is normally elicited by the presences or expectations of threatening stimuli
17
Q
Defensive behaviors-
A
Behaviors whose primary function is protection from threat or harm
18
Q
Aggressive behaviors-
A
Behaviors whose primary function is to threaten or harm other organisms
19
Q
Alpha male-
A
The dominant male of a colony
20
Q
Target-site concept-
A
The idea that aggressive and defensive behaviors of an animal are often designed to attack specific sites on the body of another animal while protecting specific sites on its own
21
Q
Septal aggression/rage
A
The behavior of lesioned rats (they are more aggressive)
22
Q
Fear conditioning-
A
Establishing fear of a previously neutral conditional stimulus by pairing it with an aversive unconditioned stimulus
23
Q
Medial geniculate nucleus-
A
The auditory thalamic nuclei that receive input from the inferior colliculi and project to primary auditory cortex
24
Q
Contextual fear conditioning-
A
The process by which situations come to elicit fear through their association with fear inducing stimuli
25
Hippocampus
Affected by stress, plays a role in spacial location
26
Amygdala complex
plays a role in emotion and fear
27
Lateral nucleus of the amygdala
The nucleus of the amygdala that plays a role in the acquisition, storage, and expression of conditioned fear
28
Prefrontal cortex-
The areas of the frontal cortex that are anterior to the frontal motor areas
29
Stress-
The physiological response to physical or psychological threat
30
Stressors-
Experiences that induce the stress response
31
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-
The anterior pituitary hormone that triggers the release of gonadal and adrenal hormones from the adrenal cortices
32
Glucocorticoids-
Steroid hormones that are released from the adrenal cortex in response to stressors
33
Adrenal cortex-
The outer layer of the adrenal glands which releases glucocorticoids in response to stressors as well as steroid hormones in small amounts
34
Adrenal medulla-
The core of each adrenal gland which releases epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to stressors
35
Cytokines-
A group of peptide hormones that are released by many cells and participate in a variety of physiological and immunological responses causing inflammation and a fever
36
Conspecifics-
Members of the same species
37
Subordination stress-
Stress experienced by animals typically males that are continually attacked by higher ranking conspecifics
38
Dominance hierarchies-
members of a social group interact, often aggressively, to create a ranking system
39
Psychosomatic disorders-
Any physical disorder that can be caused or exacerbated by stress
40
Gastric ulcers-
Painful lesions to the lining of the stomach or duodenum
41
Psychoneuroimmunology-
The study of interactions among psychological factors the nervous system and the immune system
42
Immune system-
The system that protects the body against infectious micro-organisms
43
Antigens-
Proteins on the surface of cells that identify them as native or foreign
44
Innate Immune system-
The immune systems first line of defense; it acts near entry points to the body and attacks generic classes of molecules produced by a variety of pathogens
45
Pathogens-
Disease-causing agents
46
Adaptive immune system-
The division of the immune system that mounts targeted attacks on foreign pathogens by binding to antigens in their cell membranes
47
Vaccination-
Administering a weakened form of a virus so that if the virus later invades the adaptive immune system is prepared to deal with it
48
Immunization-
The process of creating immunity through vaccination
49
Toll-like receptors-
Receptors found in the cell membranes of many cells of the innate immune system; they trigger phagocytosis and inflammatory responses
50
Phagocytes-
Cells such as macrophages and microglia that destroy and ingest pathogens
51
Macrophage-
A large phagocyte that plays a role in cell-mediated immunity
52
Phagocytosis-
The destruction and ingestion of foreign matter by cells in the immune system
53
Lymphocytes-
Specialized white blood cells that are produced in bone marrow and play important roles in the bodyÕs immune reaction
54
Cell-mediated immunity-
Directed by T cells, begins when microphage ingest foreign microorganisms
55
T cells-
T lymphocytes that bind to foreign micro-organisms and cells that contain them and in doing so destroy them
56
Antibody-Mediated immunity-
The immune reaction by which B cells destroy invading micro-organisms that contains an appropriate receptor
57
B cells-
B lymphocytes that manufacture antibodies against antigens they encounter
58
Antibodies-
Proteins on the surface of cells that identify them as native or foreign
59
T-Reg cells-
are a component of the immune system that suppress immune responses of other cells
60
Autoimmune diseases-
Diseases that arise when the immune system begins to attack healthy body cells as if they were foreign pathogens (Multiple sclerosis)
61
Epigenetic-
Not of the genes; refers to non-genetic means by which traits are passed from parents to offspring
62
Corticosterone-
The predominant glucocorticoid in humans
63
Adrenalectomy-
surgical removal of the adrenal glands
64
Mirror neurons-
Neurons that fire both when a person makes a particular movement and when the person observes somebody else making the same movement
65
Mirror-like system-
Areas of the cortex that are active both when a person performs a particular response and when the person perceives somebody else performing the same response
66
Urbach-Wiethe disease-
A genetic disorder that often results in the calcification of the amygdala and surrounding brain structures
67
Suppression paradigms
- An experimental method for studying emotion; subjects are asked to inhibit their emotional reactions to unpleasant films or photos while their brain activity is recorded
68
Reappraisal paradigms-
An experimental method for studying emotions; subjects are asked to reinterpret a film or photo to change their emotional reaction to it while their brain activity is recorded
69
Psychiatric Disorders- A
disorder of psychological function sufficiently severe to require treatment by a psychiatrist or clinical psychologist
70
DSM-IV-TR-
The current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, produced by the American Psychiatric Association
71
Schizophrenia-
The splitting of psychic functions
72
Positive Symptoms-
Symptoms of schizophrenia that are assumed to be caused by increased neural activity (incoherence, hallucinations, and delusions)
73
Negative Symptoms-
Symptoms of schizophrenia that are assumed to be caused by brain damage (lack of affect, cognitive deficits, and poverty of speech)
74
Delusions-
Delusions of being controlled, delusions of persecution, delusions of grandeur
75
Hallucinations-
Imaginary voices telling the person what to do or commenting negatively on the person’s behavior
76
Inappropriate Affect-
Failure to react with an appropriate level emotionality to positive or negative events
77
Incoherent Speech or Thought-
Illogical thinking, peculiar associations among ideas or belief in supernatural forces
78
Odd Behavior-
Long periods with no movement, a lack of personal hygiene, talking in rhymes, avoiding social interaction, echolalia
79
Affective Flattening-
Blunted affect is the scientific term describing a lack of emotional
80
Alogia-
impairment in speech
81
Avolition-
lack of drive and motivation
82
Reserpine-
The first monoamine antagonist to be used in the treatment of schizophrenia; the active ingredient of the snakeroot plant
83
Dopamine Theory of Schizophrenia-
The theory that schizophrenia is caused by too much dopamine and conversely, that antischizophrenic drugs exert their effects by decreasing dopamine levels
84
Haloperidol-
A butyrophenone that was used as an antischizophrenic drug
85
Phenothiazines-
A class of antischizophrenic drugs that bind effectively to both D1 and D2 receptors
86
Butyrophenones-
A class of antischizophrenic drugs that bind primarily to D2 receptors
87
Neuroleptics-
Drugs that alleviate schizophrenia sysmptoms
88
Clozapine-
An atypical neuroleptic that is used to treat schizophrenia does not produce Parkisonian side effects and does not have a high affinity for D2 receptors
89
Anhedonia-
The inability to experience pleasure
90
Clinical depression-
A normal reaction to grievous loss; when depression is excessive, disruptive, and recurring, it is classified as a psychiatric disorder
91
Major Depressive Disorder-
A mental disorder characterized by episodes of all-encompassing low mood accompanied by low self-esteem and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities.
92
Affective Disorder-
Psychotic disorder of emotion
93
Mania-
An affective disorder in which the patient is overconfident, impulsive, distractible, and highly energetic
94
Mood disorders-
elevation or lowering of a person's mood, such as depression or bipolar disorder.
95
Bipolar Affective Disorder-
A disorder of emotion in which the patient experiences periods of mania interspersed with periods of depression
96
Unipolar Affective Disorder-
A disorder of emotion in which patient experiences depression but no periods of mania
97
Reactive Depression-
Depression triggered by a negative experience
98
Endogenous Depression-
Depression with no apparent cause
99
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder-
Post-traumatic stress disorder is a type of anxiety disorder. It can occur after you've seen or experienced a traumatic event that involved the threat of injury or death.
100
Seasonal Affective Disorder-
Type of affective disorder in which attacks of depression and lethargy typically occur every winter, presumably triggered by the reduction in sunlight
101
Postpartum Depression-
depression suffered by a mother following childbirth, typically arising from the combination of hormonal changes,
102
MAO Inhibitors-
Antidepressant drugs that increase the level of monoamine neurotransmitters by inhibiting the action of monoamine oxidase
103
Cheese Effect-
The surges in blood pressure that occur when individuals taking MAO inhibitors consume tyramine-rich foods such as disease
104
Tricyclic Antidepressants-
Drugs with an antidepressant action and a three ring molecular structure; they selectively suppress REM sleep
105
Imipramine-
the first tricyclic antidepressant drug
106
Prozac- Selective Serotonin-Reuptake Inhibitors-
Class of drugs that exert agonistic effects by blocking the reuptake of serotonin from synapses; used to treat depression
107
Prozac-
The trade name of fluoxetine, the first selective SSRI developed for treating depression
108
Selective Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors-
Reboxetine have been proven to be as effective as the SSRI’s in the treatment of depression
109
Mood Stabilizers-
A mood stabilizer is a psychiatric medication used to treat mood disorders characterized by intense and sustained mood shifts
110
Lithium
used to treat the manic episodes of manic depression
111
Monoamine Theory of Depression-
holds that depression is associated with under activity at serotonergic and adrenergic symptoms
112
Up-Regulation-
An increase in the number of receptors for a neurotransmitter in response to decreased release of that neurotransmitter
113
Diathesis-stress model of depression-
Some people inherit a diathesis (genetic susceptibility) which is incapable of initiating the disorder itself
114
Anxiety Disorder-
Anxiety that is so extreme and so pervasive that it disrupts normal functioning
115
Generalized Anxiety Disorders-
Anxiety disorders that are not precipitated by any obvious event
116
Phobic Anxiety Disorders-
Anxiety disorders characterized by extreme largely irrational fears of specific objects or situations
117
Agoraphobia-
Pathological fear of public places and open spaces
118
Panic Disorders-
Anxiety disorders characterized by reoccurring rapid onset attacks of extreme fear and severe symptoms of stress
119
OCD-
Anxiety disorders characterized by recurring uncontrollable, anxiety-producing thoughts and impulses
120
Benzodiazepines-
GABA agonists with anxiolytic sedative and anticonvulsant properties; drugs such as Librium and Valium
121
Comorbidity-
The tendency for two or more diseases to occur together in the same individual
122
Anxiolytic Drugs-
Anti-anxiety drugs
123
Elevated-Plus Maze Test-
An animal model of anxiety; anxious rats tend to stay in the enclosed arms of the maze rather than venturing onto the open arms
124
Defensive-Burying Test-
An animal model of anxiety; anxious rats bury objects that generate anxiety
125
Risk-Assessment Test-
An animal of anxiety; anxious rats carefully observe an open environment before venturing into it
126
Tourette Syndrome-
disorder of tics
127
Tics-
Involuntary, repetitive, stereotyped movements or vocalization
128
Coprolalia-
Uttering obscenities
129
Echolalia-
Repetition of another’s words
130
Palilalia-
Repetition of one’s own words
131
ADHD-
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, difficulty focusing on schoolwork
132
Translational Research-
Research designed to translate basic scientific discoveries into effective applications
133
Clinical Trials-
Studies conducted on human subjects to assess the therapeutic efficacy of an untested drug or other treatment
134
Orphan Drugs-
Drugs for which the market is too small for the necessary developmental research to be profitable
135
Translational Bottleneck-
A barrier keeping promising ideas and treatments from becoming the focus of translational research; largely created by massive cost of such research
