Chapter 7 Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomy
A
study of the body’s structure
2
Q
physiology
A
study of the body’s function
3
Q
pathophysiology
A
study of disease
4
Q
homeostasis
A
equilibrium throughout the body
5
Q
anatomical position
A
standing, palms at side, thumbs out
6
Q
midline
A
divides the body in left and right
7
Q
transverse
A
divides the body into top and bottom
8
Q
frontal
A
divides the body into anterior and posterior
9
Q
proximal
A
closer to the point of attachment
10
Q
distal
A
further from the point of attachment
11
Q
medial
A
closer to
12
Q
lateral
A
farther from
13
Q
abduction
A
away from the midline
14
Q
adduction
A
towards the midline
15
Q
flexion
A
bending of the joint
16
Q
how many bones in the human body
A
206
17
Q
ligaments
A
connect bone to bone
18
Q
tendons
A
connect bone to muscle
19
Q
cartilage
A
allows for the smooth movement of joints
20
Q
axial skeleton
A
rib cage, spinal column, and skull
21
Q
frontal bone
A
forehead
22
Q
parental bone
A
top of skull
23
Q
occipital bone
A
posterior portion of skull
24
Q
temporal bone
A
above the cheekbones
25
zygomatics
cheekbones
26
maxilla
upper portion of jaw
27
mandible
lower portion of jaw
28
foram magnum
brain connects to the spinal cord
29
spinal column has how many vertebrae
33 (9 are fused)
30
Cervical column
7
31
Thoracic column
12
32
lumbar column
5
33
sacrum
5 fused
34
coccyx
4 fused
35
humorous
upper portion of your arm
36
radial
bone on thumb side
37
ulna
bone on pinky side
38
carpals
wrist
39
metacarpals
base of fingers
40
phlanges
fingers
41
Pelvis
made up of the illium,ishium,pubis
42
illium
upper portion of the pelvis
43
ishium
lower portion of the pelvis
44
Pubis
anterior portion of the pelvis
45
joint
two long bones come together
46
symphis
joint with limited motion
47
hinge joint
can only move one way
48
3 types of muscles
smooth-involuntary movement
skeletal (striated)- voluntary movement
cardiac- heart
49
Upper airway
Nose, Mouth, Nasopharnyx, oropharnyx, larynx, epiglottis
50
lower airway
trachea, carina,left right mainstream bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
51
what is the most common cause of upper airway obstruction
tongue falls back and blocks the nasopharynx
52
alveoli
only place in the body where carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged
53
surfactant
prevents the alveoli from collapsing
54
pulmonary capillaries
diffuse carbon dioxide from the body to the aveoli
55
pleura
two, thin smooth layers that allow for frictionless movement in the lungs
56
Visceral Pleura
lines the outer surface of the lungs
57
parietal pleura
lines the inside surface of the chest cavity
58
diaphragm
primary mechanism for breathing and separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic
59
Negative Pressure Breathing
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, thoracic cage expands, pressure in the chest cavity decreases, and air rushes in
60
inhalation is what type of process and what is the percentage of outside air
active process that requires energy and 21%
61
Positive Pressure Breathing
diaphragm and intercostal muscles expand, thoracic cage contracts, pressure in chest cavity rises, air is expelled
62
exhalation is what type of process and what is the percentage of expelled air
passive process that doesn't require energy and 16%
63
external respiration
the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the pulmonary capillaries and the aveoli
64
internal respiration
gas exchange between the body's cells and systemic capillaries
65
cellular respiration
aerobic metabolism uses oxygen to break down glucose to create energy
66
what is the main mechanism for breathing in the body
carbon dioxide drive
67
what is the backup system to the CO2 drive
hypoxic drive
68
tidal volume
amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one breath
69
residual volume
amount of air in the lungs after completely exhaling
70
inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume
amount of air you can still inhale or exhale after one breath
71
dead space
amount of air in the respiratory system not including aveoli
72
minute volume
respiratory rate x tidal volume
73
Adult respiratory rate
12-20
74
Pedi respiratory rate
15-30
75
infant respiratory rate
25-30
76
Abnormal Breathing
labored, muscle retractions,superclavicular,intercoastal,tripod position,agonal breaths
77
3 layers of the heart
endocardium- inner layer
myocardium-middle layer
epicardium-outer layer
78
pericardium
thin fibrosis sack that surrounds the heart
79
Atria
two upper layers of the heart where the blood returns and they pump blood to the ventricles
80
SA node
60-100
81
AV node
40-60
82
bundle of his
20-40
83
Ventricles
two lower layers of the heart that send blood out
84
where does the blood receive blood flow from
the coronary arteries which branch off the aorta
85
Preload
the pre contraction based pressure based off of the amount of blood coming back to the heart
86
afterload
the pressure the heart must overcome during ventricular contraction
87
increased afterload=
decreased cardiac output
88
The cycle of blood flow through the heart
vena cava, right atria, tricupsid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, lungs,pulmonary veins, left atria, mitral valve, right ventricle, aorta
89
Arteries
carry blood away from the heart
90
veins
carry blood towards the heart
91
SVR
resistance of blood flow throughout the body
92
Central pulses
carotid and femoral
93
peripheral pulses
radial,brachial,dorsal pedis
94
plasma
liquid component of blood that's mostly water
95
red blood cells (erythrocytes)
carry oxygen
96
white blood cells( leukocytes)
fight off infection
97
platelets
essential for clot formation
98
Blood Pressure
the amount of pressure exerted against the wall of an artery
99
systolic
pressure when there is contraction of the left ventricle
100
diastolic
pressure in between contractions
101
Perfusion
blood flow throughout the body
102
inadequate perfusion
hypo perfusion or shock
103
CNS
brain and the spinal cord
104
Cerebrum
largest part of the brain, controls thought, memory , and senses
105
cerebellum
coordinates fine motor function, voluntary movement, balance
106
brainstem
regulates breathing and consciousness
107
cerebrospinal fluid
fluid that surround the brain and spinal cord
108
peripheral nervous system
sends info to the CNS then carry out commands from them
109
sensory division
sends info to the CNS
110
motor divison
receives motor commands from the CNS
- somatic-voluntary portion
- automatic-involuntary portion
111
epidermis
outermost layer of the skin
112
germinal layer of the epidermis
produces new skin cells and pushes them to the surface
113
stratum corneal layer
top epidermal layer that is dead skin cells
114
Dermis
contains blood vessels, sweat glands, nerve endings, hair follicles
115
subcutaneous tissue
fat
116
esophagus
runs from the mouth to the stomach
117
pancreas
regulates bgl
118
gallbladder
store bile from the liver
119
large intestine
pulls remaining liquid to form a stool
120
spleen
filters blood
121
kidneys
control fluid balance, filter waste, control PH
122
Endocrine system
system of glands that secretes hormones that help regulate body function, responsible for insulin production
123
Ureters
tubes that connect kidney to the bladder
124
reproductive system
Fallopian tubes,ovaries,vagina
125
ATP
body uses oxygen to convert nutrients into energy
