Chapter 65: Diagnostic Procedures for Male Reproductive Disorders Flashcards
Changes to the prostate gland are common as men ____, and routine diagnostic procedures are recommended to evaluate these changes.
age
_______ of the prostate gland is usually benign and is called benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
Enlargement
_____ cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer in men.
Prostate
Diagnostic procedures for male reproductive disorders include:
prostate-specific antigen PSA
early prostate cancer antigen EPCA-2
digital rectum exam DRE
transrectal ultrasound TRUS
________ measures the amount of a protein produced by the prostate gland in the bloodstream. It is performed prior to the DRE because a rise in ____ can occur due to the irritation that occurs upon palpation of the gland. A sample of blood is used to determine the _____ level.
PSA
prostate-specific antigen
PSA
PSA
_____ measures the amount of protein in the blood that is only produced by abnormal prostate cells.
EPCA-2
_____ is done in an office or a clinic. The client will lean over the exam table, the provider places a gloved, lubricated finger in the client’s anus and palpates the posterior portion of the prostate gland through the rectal wall. The client can also be placed on his side or in the lithotomy position for the exam.
DRE
digital rectum exam
If the DRE reveals an abnormality, the location of the potentially cancerous prostate lesion is determined by ________ and confirmed by a biopsy.
ultrasonography
Many providers recommend an annual PSA and DRE for men older than ______ to help ensure early detection of prostrate cancer.
50
_______ men and men who have a family history of prostate cancer should begin screening at an earlier age.
African American
Because the _____ is highly sensitive in detecting prostate cancer some providers are using this test in place of a biopsy.
EPCA-2
_____ test can also me used to monitor the client’s response to treatment for prostate cancer.
EPCA-2
As the prostate gland enlarges, it encroaches on the urethra and causes diminished flow and retention of urine. Blood can also be found in the urine. These findings can indicate ______ or prostate cancer.
BPH
An increase in PSA levels can indicate that a client has _______.
prostatic cancer.
An increase in PSA levels increase with age. For a man younger than 50 years of age, a PSA level of _____ ng/mL is within the expected range.
2.5
The client can have an elevated PSA level for up to _____ weeks following a UTI.
6 weeks
A PSA value greater than ____ ng/mL requires further evaluation.
4
An elevated PSA is an indicating of a number of conditions, including prostate cancer, BPH, and _______.
acute prostatitis
For EPCA-2 a value of ____ ng/mL or greater is highly suggestive of prostate cancer.
30
Abnormal findings during the DRE include an abnormally large and _____ prostate with an irregular shape or lumps.
hard
With a _______ a client is placed on his left side, a probe is inserted into the client’s rectum, and sound waves are bounded off the surface of the prostate gland to provide an image.
transrectal ultrasound
The provider may prescribe an _____ prior to a transrectal ultrasound.
enema
A transrectal ultrasound procedure is contraindicated for lcients who have a _______ since the rectal ultrasound probe is covered by a _____ sac.
latex allergy
latex
A TRUS is done if a client’s ______ level is elevated or the _____ reveals a possible abnormality.
PSA
DRE
If an irregularity is found with a TRUS, the image is used to guide a ______.
needle biopsy
A _____ or EPCA-2 is used to make the diagnosis of prostate cancer.
biopsy
