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Biology > Chapter 6.1 > Flashcards

Chapter 6.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Identify 2 ways in which sexual reproduction is different from asexual reproduction.

A
  • Requires 2 parents

- Produces offspring genetically different from each other, both parents and any member of their species

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2
Q

Why does genetic diversity within a species more advantageous than a species with no genetic diversity?

A

Organisms will have combinations of genes from parents which may allow it to better cope with changes in its environment

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3
Q

What kind of cells are in your body that contain 46 (2x23) chromosomes?

A

Diploid

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4
Q

What are gametes?

A

Specialized cells necessary for reproduction

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5
Q

What are female gametes called?

A

Eggs

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6
Q

What are male gametes called?

A

Sperm

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7
Q

How are gametes different from all other body cells?

A

Gametes carry haploid chromosomes

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8
Q

What happens to the number of chromosomes during fertilization?

A

Number of chromosomes becomes 46.

Haploid male and female gametes combine, forming a diploid cell (a zygote) with 46 chromosomes

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9
Q

What is the difference between a zygote and an embryo?

A

A zygote undergoes mitosis and cell division and develops into an embryo

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10
Q

What is meiosis?

A

The process that produces sperm and eggs

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11
Q

What happens in Prophase I?

A

Homologous chromosomes pair up and non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material (AKA Crossing Over)

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12
Q

What happens in Metaphase I?

A

Homologous chromosomes pair up at the equator

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13
Q

What happens in Anaphase I?

A

Homologous chromosomes seperate and are pulled to opposite poles by spindle fibres.
Independant assortment occurs.

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14
Q

What happens in Telophase I?

A

One chromosome from each homologous pair is at each pole of the cell

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15
Q

What happens in interkenesis?

A

The stage between cell divisions.

The cell grows and makes proteins. Similar to interphase in mitosis but there is no replication of DNA

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16
Q

What happens in Prophase II?

A

There is one chromosome of the homologous pair in each cell

17
Q

What happens in Metaphase II?

A

The chromosomes form a single line across the middle

18
Q

What happens in Anaphase II?

A

Sister chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell

19
Q

What happens in Telophase II?

A

Spindle fibres begin to disappear, and a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes

20
Q

What happens in cytokenesis?

A

The 2 daughter cells are seperated.

21
Q

What is the result of meiosis I?

A

2 diploid cells, each with 46 chromosomes

22
Q

What is the result of meiosis II?

A

4 haploid cells, each with 23 chromosomes

23
Q

What are the 2 main differences between mitosis and meiosis?

A

Mitosis: Chromosomes line up along the equator and sister chromatids are pulled apart.
Meiosis: A pair of matching chromosomes line up at the equator and each chromosome is pulled apart.

Mitosis: 2 daughter cells are produced, each with 46 chromosomes.
Meiosis: 4 daughter cells are produced, each with 23 chromosomes

24
Q

What are the main differences between Meiosis I and II?

A

Meiosis I: Homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell.
Meiosis II: Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell.

Meiosis I: 2 daughter cells are produced
Meiosis II: 4 haploid cells are produced

Meiosis I: DNA is replicated before process begins
Meiosis II: DNA is nor replicated before process begins

25
Q

What 3 events in meiosis help to increase the genetic diversity of an organism?

A

Crossing over, independent assortment and gamete formation

26
Q

What is happens in crossing over?

A

Parts of non-sister chromatids exchange segments of DNA

27
Q

What happens in independent assortment?

A

Homologous pairs of chromosomes seperate and sort themselves into daughter cells

28
Q

What happens in gamete formation?

A

Meiosis results in 4 haploid cell sperm cells for males and one haploid egg for females

29
Q

Why don’t women produce the same amount of gametes as men?

A

After meiosis II, 3 of the female gamete cells will disintegrate. The remaining one, the largest, is available for fertilization

30
Q

What types of mutations may occur in meiosis? What affect can these mutations have on an organism?

A

Parts of a chromosome can be lost, duplicated, or moved within a chromosome or moved to another chromosome.

They affect many genes in the chromosome and change the proteins made by those genes.

31
Q

What causes chromosome mutations?

A

Mutagens - such as radiation or chemicals
During Meiosis I - when homologous chromosomes fail to seperate
During Meiosis II - when sister chromatids fail to seperate

32
Q

Why are many chromosome mutations not passed from one generation to another?

A

Offspring either fails to develop or does not reach reproductive age and adulthood

33
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

A “picture” that shows all of a person’s chromosomes arranged in a particular order

34
Q

What is a karyotype used for?

A

Diagnose genetic disorders

during mitosis

35
Q

What is a syndrome? Give examples.

A

A particular disease or disorder with a specific group of symptoms that occur together.

ex: Down syndrome - 3 chromosomes are together, 21 chromosomes
ex: Edwards syndrome

Biology (18 decks)

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