Chapter 6 Vocab

Question 1

a form of adenosine monophosphate in which the phosphate is part of a ring-shaped structure; acts as a regulatory molecule and second messenger in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans

Answer 1

Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP)

Question 2

mechanisms of communication between cells. Cells signal one another with secreted signaling molecules, or a signaling molecule on one cell combines with a receptor on another cell

Answer 2

Cell Signaling

Question 3

a cell or tissue with receptors that bind a hormone

Answer 3

Target Cells

Question 4

a cell must synthesize and release signaling molecules

Answer 4

Signal Transmission

Question 5

process of receiving an incoming signal

Answer 5

Reception

Question 6

large proteins or glycoproteins that bind with signaling molecules

Answer 6

Receptors

Question 7

the process by which a cell converts an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal that causes a response

Answer 7

Signal Transduction

Question 8

chemical signals used by neurons to transmit impulses across a synapse

Answer 8

Neurotransmitters

Question 9

a chemical messenger, often produced in one region of the body of a multicellular organism and transported to another region where it signals cells to alter some aspect of growth, development, or metabolism

Answer 9

Hormones

Question 10

a gland that secretes hormones directly into the blood or tissue fluid instead of into ducts

Answer 10

Endocrine Glands

Question 11

prostaglandins (a group of local hormones), growth factors, cytokinesis, and other soluble molecules that act on nearby cells by paracrine regulation or act on the cells that produce them

Answer 11

Local Regulator

Question 12

the fluid that bathes the tissues of the body

Answer 12

Interstitial Fluid

Question 13

a type of regulation in which a signal molecule diffuses through interstitial fluid and cats on nearby target cells

Answer 13

Paracrine Regulation

Question 14

substance released from mast cells that causes inflammation

Answer 14

Histamine

Question 15

a gaseous signaling molecule; a neurotransmitter

Answer 15

Nitric Oxide (NO)

Question 16

a group of local regulators derived from fatty acids; synthesized by most cells of the body and produce a wide variety of effects

Answer 16

Prostaglandins

Question 17

a molecule that binds to a specific site in a receptor or other protein

Answer 17

Ligand

Question 18

visual purple; a light-sensitive pigment found in the rod cells of the vertebrate eye; a similar molecule is employed by certain bacteria in the capture of light energy to make ATP

Answer 18

Rhodopsin

Question 19

a blue-green, proteinaceous pigment involved in a wide variety of physiological responses to light

Answer 19

Phytochrome

Question 20

a proteinaceous pigment that strongly absorbs blue light; implicated in resetting the biological clock in plants, fruit flies, and mice

Answer 20

Chryptochrome

Question 21

some hormones receptors decrease in number

Answer 21

Receptor Down-Regulation

Question 22

some hormone receptors increase in number

Answer 22

Receptor Up-Regulation

Question 23

convert chemical signals into electrical signals; in the plasma membrane

Answer 23

Ion Channel-Linked Receptors

Question 24

the ion channel opens or closes in response to the binding of the signaling molecule

Answer 24

Ligand-Gated Channels

Question 25

a common neurotransmitter released by cholinergic neurons, including motor neurons

Answer 25

Acetylcholine

Question 26

cell surface receptors that activate a G protein in response to binding by a signaling molecule

Answer 26

G Protein-Linked Receptors

Question 27

one of a group of proteins that bind GTP and are involved in the transfer of signals across the plasma memebrane

Answer 27

G Protein

Question 28

transmembrane proteins with a hormone-binding site outside the cell and an enzyme site inside the cell

Answer 28

Enzyme-Linked Receptors

Question 29

an enzyme that phosphorylates the tyrosine parts of proteins

Answer 29

Tyrosine Kinase

Question 30

the introduction of a phosphate group into an organic molecule

Answer 30

Phosphorylation

Question 31

one of a group of steroids that function as plant hormones and are involved in several aspects of growth and development

Answer 31

Brassinosteroids (BRs)

Question 32

a gaseous plant hormone involved in various aspects of plant growth and development

Answer 32

Ethylene

Question 33

proteins that regulate the expression of specific genes

Answer 33

Transcription Factors

Question 34

an enzyme that catalyzes the removal of a phosphate group by hydrolysis

Answer 34

Phosphatase

Question 35

a neurotransmitter that has an inhibitory effect

Answer 35

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

Question 36

a molecule similar to ADP but containing the base guanine

Answer 36

Guanosine Diphosphate (GDP)

Question 37

like ATP but containing guanine; functions in energy transactions

Answer 37

Guanosine Triphosphate (GTP)

Question 38

a signaling molecule that binds to a receptor on the cell surface, initiation a signal transduction process that leads to the formation of a second messenger

Answer 38

First Messenger

Question 39

ions or small molecules that relay signals inside the cell

Answer 39

Second Messenger

Question 40

enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of ATP to cylclic AMP

Answer 40

Adenylyl Cyclase

Question 41

an enzyme that converts cAMP to AMP

Answer 41

Phosphodiesterase

Question 42

a substance on which an enzyme acts; a reactant in an enzymatically catalyzed reaction

Answer 42

Substrates

Question 43

acts as second messengers

Answer 43

Inositol Trisphosphate (IP3) and Diacylglycerol (DAG)

Question 44

a calcium-binding protein; when bound, it alters the activity of certain enzymes or transport proteins

Answer 44

Calmodulin

Question 45

organize groups of intracellular signaling molecules into signaling complexes

Answer 45

Scaffold Proteins

Question 46

transmembrane proteins that connect the cell to the extracellular matrix, transduce signals in 2 directions

Answer 46

Integrins

Question 47

a group of small G proteins, named by their discovery in rat sarcoma cancer cells; important in may signaling pathways

Answer 47

Ras Proteins

Question 48

the process by which a few signaling molecules can elicit major responses in the cell; the strength of each signaling molecule is magnified

Answer 48

Signal Amplification