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Cell and Molec > Chapter 6 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

a form of adenosine monophosphate in which the phosphate is part of a ring-shaped structure; acts as a regulatory molecule and second messenger in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans

A

Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP)

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2
Q

mechanisms of communication between cells. Cells signal one another with secreted signaling molecules, or a signaling molecule on one cell combines with a receptor on another cell

A

Cell Signaling

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3
Q

a cell or tissue with receptors that bind a hormone

A

Target Cells

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4
Q

a cell must synthesize and release signaling molecules

A

Signal Transmission

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5
Q

process of receiving an incoming signal

A

Reception

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6
Q

large proteins or glycoproteins that bind with signaling molecules

A

Receptors

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7
Q

the process by which a cell converts an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal that causes a response

A

Signal Transduction

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8
Q

chemical signals used by neurons to transmit impulses across a synapse

A

Neurotransmitters

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9
Q

a chemical messenger, often produced in one region of the body of a multicellular organism and transported to another region where it signals cells to alter some aspect of growth, development, or metabolism

A

Hormones

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10
Q

a gland that secretes hormones directly into the blood or tissue fluid instead of into ducts

A

Endocrine Glands

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11
Q

prostaglandins (a group of local hormones), growth factors, cytokinesis, and other soluble molecules that act on nearby cells by paracrine regulation or act on the cells that produce them

A

Local Regulator

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12
Q

the fluid that bathes the tissues of the body

A

Interstitial Fluid

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13
Q

a type of regulation in which a signal molecule diffuses through interstitial fluid and cats on nearby target cells

A

Paracrine Regulation

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14
Q

substance released from mast cells that causes inflammation

A

Histamine

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15
Q

a gaseous signaling molecule; a neurotransmitter

A

Nitric Oxide (NO)

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16
Q

a group of local regulators derived from fatty acids; synthesized by most cells of the body and produce a wide variety of effects

A

Prostaglandins

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17
Q

a molecule that binds to a specific site in a receptor or other protein

A

Ligand

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18
Q

visual purple; a light-sensitive pigment found in the rod cells of the vertebrate eye; a similar molecule is employed by certain bacteria in the capture of light energy to make ATP

A

Rhodopsin

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19
Q

a blue-green, proteinaceous pigment involved in a wide variety of physiological responses to light

A

Phytochrome

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20
Q

a proteinaceous pigment that strongly absorbs blue light; implicated in resetting the biological clock in plants, fruit flies, and mice

A

Chryptochrome

21
Q

some hormones receptors decrease in number

A

Receptor Down-Regulation

22
Q

some hormone receptors increase in number

A

Receptor Up-Regulation

23
Q

convert chemical signals into electrical signals; in the plasma membrane

A

Ion Channel-Linked Receptors

24
Q

the ion channel opens or closes in response to the binding of the signaling molecule

A

Ligand-Gated Channels

25
Q

a common neurotransmitter released by cholinergic neurons, including motor neurons

A

Acetylcholine

26
Q

cell surface receptors that activate a G protein in response to binding by a signaling molecule

A

G Protein-Linked Receptors

27
Q

one of a group of proteins that bind GTP and are involved in the transfer of signals across the plasma memebrane

A

G Protein

28
Q

transmembrane proteins with a hormone-binding site outside the cell and an enzyme site inside the cell

A

Enzyme-Linked Receptors

29
Q

an enzyme that phosphorylates the tyrosine parts of proteins

A

Tyrosine Kinase

30
Q

the introduction of a phosphate group into an organic molecule

A

Phosphorylation

31
Q

one of a group of steroids that function as plant hormones and are involved in several aspects of growth and development

A

Brassinosteroids (BRs)

32
Q

a gaseous plant hormone involved in various aspects of plant growth and development

A

Ethylene

33
Q

proteins that regulate the expression of specific genes

A

Transcription Factors

34
Q

an enzyme that catalyzes the removal of a phosphate group by hydrolysis

A

Phosphatase

35
Q

a neurotransmitter that has an inhibitory effect

A

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

36
Q

a molecule similar to ADP but containing the base guanine

A

Guanosine Diphosphate (GDP)

37
Q

like ATP but containing guanine; functions in energy transactions

A

Guanosine Triphosphate (GTP)

38
Q

a signaling molecule that binds to a receptor on the cell surface, initiation a signal transduction process that leads to the formation of a second messenger

A

First Messenger

39
Q

ions or small molecules that relay signals inside the cell

A

Second Messenger

40
Q

enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of ATP to cylclic AMP

A

Adenylyl Cyclase

41
Q

an enzyme that converts cAMP to AMP

A

Phosphodiesterase

42
Q

a substance on which an enzyme acts; a reactant in an enzymatically catalyzed reaction

A

Substrates

43
Q

acts as second messengers

A

Inositol Trisphosphate (IP3) and Diacylglycerol (DAG)

44
Q

a calcium-binding protein; when bound, it alters the activity of certain enzymes or transport proteins

A

Calmodulin

45
Q

organize groups of intracellular signaling molecules into signaling complexes

A

Scaffold Proteins

46
Q

transmembrane proteins that connect the cell to the extracellular matrix, transduce signals in 2 directions

A

Integrins

47
Q

a group of small G proteins, named by their discovery in rat sarcoma cancer cells; important in may signaling pathways

A

Ras Proteins

48
Q

the process by which a few signaling molecules can elicit major responses in the cell; the strength of each signaling molecule is magnified

A

Signal Amplification

Cell and Molec (6 decks)

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