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Cell and Molec > Chapter 4 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

the scientific theory that the cell is the basic unit of life, of which all living things are composed, and that all cells are derived from pre-existing cells

A

Cell Theory

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2
Q

the selectively permeable surface membrane that encloses the cell contents an through which all materials entering or leaving the cell must pass

A

Plasma Membrane

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3
Q

1 of the specialized structures within the cell, such as the mitochondria, Golgi complex, ribosomes, or contractile vacuole, many are membrane-enclosed; carry out cell activities

A

Organelles

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4
Q

minute projections of the plasma membrane that increase the surface area of the cell; found mainly in the intestine or kidney tubules

A

Microvilli

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5
Q

microscope in which light is refracted (bent) by glass lenses to produce a. magnified image

A

Light Microscope

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6
Q

the capacity to distinguish fine detail in an image

A

Resolution

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7
Q

proteins derived from the immune system

A

Antibodies

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8
Q

a microscope capable of producing high-resolution, highly magnified images through the use of an electron beam (rather than light)

A

Electron Microscope

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9
Q

the fine detail of a cell, generally only observable by use of an electron microscope

A

Ultrastructure

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10
Q

the technique used to separate the components of cells by subjecting them to centrifugal force

A

Cell Fractionation

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11
Q

a device used to separate cells or their components by centrifugal force

A

Centrifuge

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12
Q

separation of cell particles according to their mass, size, or density

A

Differential Centrifugation

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13
Q

procedure in which cell components are placed in a layer on top of a density gradient

A

Density Gradient Centrifugation

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14
Q

a cell that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles; includes bacteria and archaea

A

Prokaryotic Cells

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15
Q

an organism whose cells have nuclei and other membrane-enclosed organelles

A

Eukaryotic Cell

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16
Q

a molecule consisting of one or more phosphate groups, 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base

A

Nucleoid

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17
Q

the structure outside the plasma membrane of certain cells; may contain cellulose (plant cells), chitin (fungal cells), peptidoglycan and/or lipopolysaccharide (bacteria cells)

A

Cell Walls

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18
Q

a long whiplike structure extending from certain cells and use locomotion

A

Flagella

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19
Q

small complexes of RNA and protein that synthesizes polypeptieds

A

Ribosomes

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20
Q

the plasma membrane and cell contents with the exception of the nucleus

A

Cytoplasm

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21
Q

the contents of the cell nucleus

A

Nucleoplasm

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22
Q

the fluid component of the cytoplasm in which the organelles are suspended

A

Cytosol

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23
Q

a cell organelle in eukaryotes that contains the DNA and serves as the control center of the cell

A

Nucleus

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24
Q

consists of 2 concentric membranes that separate the nuclear contents from the surrounding cytoplasm

A

Nuclear Envelope

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25
Q

structures in the nuclear envelope that allows passage of certain materials between the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm

A

Nuclear Pores

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26
Q

a segment of DNA that serves as a unit of hereditary information

A

Genes

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27
Q

RNA that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein; transcribed from DNA

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

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28
Q

the complex of DNA and protein that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes

A

Chromatin

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29
Q

structures in the cell nucleus that consist of chromatin and contain the genes

A

Chromosome

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30
Q

specialized structure in the cell nucleus formed from regions of several chromosomes

A

Nucleolus

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31
Q

makes up ribosomes; part of the the protein synthesis machinery

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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32
Q

the group of membrane structures in eukaryotic cells that interact through direct connections by vesicles

A

Endomembrane System

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33
Q

small cytoplasmic vesicles that move substances from one membrane to another

A

Transport Vesicles

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34
Q

the space enclosed by a membrane

A

Lumen

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35
Q

an interconnected network of internal membranes in eukaryotic cells enclosing a compartment, ER Lumen. Rough ER has ribosomes while smooth does not

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

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36
Q

proteins that help other proteins fold properly

A

Molecular Chaperones

37
Q

protein complexes that direct the destruction of defective proteins

A

Proteasomes

38
Q

organelle composed of stacks of flattened, membranous sacs; responsible for modifying, packaging, and sorting proteins

A

Golgi Complex

39
Q

stacks of flattened membraneous sacs that make up the Golgi complex

A

Cisternae

40
Q

small sacs of digestive enzymes dispersed in the cytoplasm

A

Lysosome

41
Q

a cellular process in which lysosomes digest, process, and recycle the contents of a unneeded or damaged cell

A

Autophagy

42
Q

a fluid-filled, membrane-enclosed sac found within the cytoplasm

A

Vacuole

43
Q

membrane of the vacuole

A

Tonoplast

44
Q

hydrostatic pressure that develops within a walled cell and presses outward against the plasma membrane

A

Turgor Pressure

45
Q

remove excess water from the cell

A

Contractile Vacuoles

46
Q

membrane-enclosed organelles containing enzymes that produce or degrade hydrogen peroxide

A

Peroxisomes

47
Q

intracellular organelles that are the sites of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes; powerhouse of the cell

A

Mitochondria

48
Q

membranous organelles that are the sites of photosynthesis in eukaryotes

A

Chloroplasts

49
Q

the hypothesis that certain organelles such as the mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as symbiotic prokaryotes that lived inside other free-living prokaryotic cells

A

Serial Endosymbiosis

50
Q

oxygen-requiring process that includes most of the reations that convert the chemical energy present in certain foods to ATP

A

Aerobic Respiration

51
Q

the compartment formed between the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes

A

Intermembrane Space

52
Q

the compartment enclosed by the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

Matrix

53
Q

shelflike or fingerlike inward projections of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion

A

Cristae

54
Q

programmed cell death

A

Apoptosis

55
Q

uncontrolled cell death

A

Necrosis

56
Q

any group of proteolytic enzymes that are active in the early stages of apoptosis

A

Caspases

57
Q

toxic, highly reactive compounds with unpaired electrons that bonds with other compounds in the cell and interfere with normal function

A

Free Radicals

58
Q

a set of reactions during which light energy is transformed into the chemical energy of glucose and other carbohydrates

A

Photosynthesis

59
Q

membranous organelles that are the sites of photosynthesis in eukaryotes

A

Chloroplasts

60
Q

a green pigment that traps light energy for photosynthesis

A

Chlorophyll

61
Q

a group of yellow to orange plant pigments synthesized from isoprene subunits; include carotenes and xanthophylls

A

Carotenoids

62
Q

a fluid space of the chloroplast, enclosed by the chloroplast inner membrane and surrounding the thylakoids

A

Stroma

63
Q

an interconnected system of flattened, saclike, membranous structures inside the chloroplast

A

Thylakoids

64
Q

a stack of thylakoids within a chloroplast

A

Grana

65
Q

thylakoid membrane encloses the innermost compartments within the chloroplast

A

Thylakoid Lumen

66
Q

produce and store food materials in cells of plants and algae

A

Plastids

67
Q

organelles that are plastid precursors; may mature into various specialized plastids, including chloroplasts, chromoplasts, or leukoplasts

A

Proplastids

68
Q

pigment-containing plastids; found mainly in flowers and fruits

A

Chromoplasts

69
Q

unpigmented plastids

A

Leukoplasts

70
Q

used to store starch

A

Amyloplasts

71
Q

a dense network of protein fibers, gives cells mechanical strength, shape and their ability to move

A

Cytoskeleton

72
Q

hollow cylindrical fibers consisting of tubulin protein subunits

A

Microtubules

73
Q

protein that makes up microtubules

A

Tubulin

74
Q

structural proteins that help regulate microtubule assembly and cross-link microtubules to other cytoskeletal polymers

A

Microtubule-Associated Proteins (MAPs)

75
Q

moves organelles toward the plus end of a microtubule

A

Kinesin

76
Q

transports organelles in the opposite direction, toward the minus end

A

Dynein

77
Q

the region of the cell from which microtubules are anchored and possibly assembled

A

Microtubule Organizing Centers (MTOCs)

78
Q

an organelle in animal cells that is the main microtubule-organizing center; typically contains a pair of centrioles and is important in cell division

A

Centrosome

79
Q

1 of a pair of small, cylindrical organelles lying at right angles to each other near the nucleus in the cytoplasm of animal cells and certain protist and plant cells

A

Centriols

80
Q

framework for the orderly distribution of chromosomes during cell division

A

Mitotic Spindle

81
Q

1 of many short, hairlike structures that project from the surface of some eukaryotic cells and are used for locomotion or movement of materials across the cell surface

A

Cilia

82
Q

structure involved in the organization and anchorage of a cilium or flagellum

A

Basal Body

83
Q

single nonmotile cilium on the cell surface of animal cells; binds specific molecules and serves as a “cellular antenna” in many signaling pathways

A

Primary Cilium

84
Q

flexible, solid fibers

A

Microfilaments

85
Q

the protein of which microfilaments consist; responsible for muscle contraction

A

Actin

86
Q

a protein that together with actin is responsible for muscle contraction

A

Myosin

87
Q

a temporary extension of an amoeboid cell that is used for feeding and locomotion (“false feet”)

A

Pseudopodia

88
Q

cell coat; formed by polysaccharides

A

Glycocalyx

89
Q

organize the matrix and help cells attach to it

A

Fibronectins

Cell and Molec (6 decks)

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