Chapter 4 Vocab

Question 1

the scientific theory that the cell is the basic unit of life, of which all living things are composed, and that all cells are derived from pre-existing cells

Answer 1

Cell Theory

Question 2

the selectively permeable surface membrane that encloses the cell contents an through which all materials entering or leaving the cell must pass

Answer 2

Plasma Membrane

Question 3

1 of the specialized structures within the cell, such as the mitochondria, Golgi complex, ribosomes, or contractile vacuole, many are membrane-enclosed; carry out cell activities

Answer 3

Organelles

Question 4

minute projections of the plasma membrane that increase the surface area of the cell; found mainly in the intestine or kidney tubules

Answer 4

Microvilli

Question 5

microscope in which light is refracted (bent) by glass lenses to produce a. magnified image

Answer 5

Light Microscope

Question 6

the capacity to distinguish fine detail in an image

Answer 6

Resolution

Question 7

proteins derived from the immune system

Answer 7

Antibodies

Question 8

a microscope capable of producing high-resolution, highly magnified images through the use of an electron beam (rather than light)

Answer 8

Electron Microscope

Question 9

the fine detail of a cell, generally only observable by use of an electron microscope

Answer 9

Ultrastructure

Question 10

the technique used to separate the components of cells by subjecting them to centrifugal force

Answer 10

Cell Fractionation

Question 11

a device used to separate cells or their components by centrifugal force

Answer 11

Centrifuge

Question 12

separation of cell particles according to their mass, size, or density

Answer 12

Differential Centrifugation

Question 13

procedure in which cell components are placed in a layer on top of a density gradient

Answer 13

Density Gradient Centrifugation

Question 14

a cell that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles; includes bacteria and archaea

Answer 14

Prokaryotic Cells

Question 15

an organism whose cells have nuclei and other membrane-enclosed organelles

Answer 15

Eukaryotic Cell

Question 16

a molecule consisting of one or more phosphate groups, 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base

Answer 16

Nucleoid

Question 17

the structure outside the plasma membrane of certain cells; may contain cellulose (plant cells), chitin (fungal cells), peptidoglycan and/or lipopolysaccharide (bacteria cells)

Answer 17

Cell Walls

Question 18

a long whiplike structure extending from certain cells and use locomotion

Answer 18

Flagella

Question 19

small complexes of RNA and protein that synthesizes polypeptieds

Answer 19

Ribosomes

Question 20

the plasma membrane and cell contents with the exception of the nucleus

Answer 20

Cytoplasm

Question 21

the contents of the cell nucleus

Answer 21

Nucleoplasm

Question 22

the fluid component of the cytoplasm in which the organelles are suspended

Answer 22

Cytosol

Question 23

a cell organelle in eukaryotes that contains the DNA and serves as the control center of the cell

Answer 23

Nucleus

Question 24

consists of 2 concentric membranes that separate the nuclear contents from the surrounding cytoplasm

Answer 24

Nuclear Envelope

Question 25

structures in the nuclear envelope that allows passage of certain materials between the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm

Answer 25

Nuclear Pores

Question 26

a segment of DNA that serves as a unit of hereditary information

Answer 26

Genes

Question 27

RNA that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein; transcribed from DNA

Answer 27

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 28

the complex of DNA and protein that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes

Answer 28

Chromatin

Question 29

structures in the cell nucleus that consist of chromatin and contain the genes

Answer 29

Chromosome

Question 30

specialized structure in the cell nucleus formed from regions of several chromosomes

Answer 30

Nucleolus

Question 31

makes up ribosomes; part of the the protein synthesis machinery

Answer 31

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Question 32

the group of membrane structures in eukaryotic cells that interact through direct connections by vesicles

Answer 32

Endomembrane System

Question 33

small cytoplasmic vesicles that move substances from one membrane to another

Answer 33

Transport Vesicles

Question 34

the space enclosed by a membrane

Answer 34

Lumen

Question 35

an interconnected network of internal membranes in eukaryotic cells enclosing a compartment, ER Lumen. Rough ER has ribosomes while smooth does not

Answer 35

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Question 36

proteins that help other proteins fold properly

Answer 36

Molecular Chaperones

Question 37

protein complexes that direct the destruction of defective proteins

Answer 37

Proteasomes

Question 38

organelle composed of stacks of flattened, membranous sacs; responsible for modifying, packaging, and sorting proteins

Answer 38

Golgi Complex

Question 39

stacks of flattened membraneous sacs that make up the Golgi complex

Answer 39

Cisternae

Question 40

small sacs of digestive enzymes dispersed in the cytoplasm

Answer 40

Lysosome

Question 41

a cellular process in which lysosomes digest, process, and recycle the contents of a unneeded or damaged cell

Answer 41

Autophagy

Question 42

a fluid-filled, membrane-enclosed sac found within the cytoplasm

Answer 42

Vacuole

Question 43

membrane of the vacuole

Answer 43

Tonoplast

Question 44

hydrostatic pressure that develops within a walled cell and presses outward against the plasma membrane

Answer 44

Turgor Pressure

Question 45

remove excess water from the cell

Answer 45

Contractile Vacuoles

Question 46

membrane-enclosed organelles containing enzymes that produce or degrade hydrogen peroxide

Answer 46

Peroxisomes

Question 47

intracellular organelles that are the sites of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes; powerhouse of the cell

Answer 47

Mitochondria

Question 48

membranous organelles that are the sites of photosynthesis in eukaryotes

Answer 48

Chloroplasts

Question 49

the hypothesis that certain organelles such as the mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as symbiotic prokaryotes that lived inside other free-living prokaryotic cells

Answer 49

Serial Endosymbiosis

Question 50

oxygen-requiring process that includes most of the reations that convert the chemical energy present in certain foods to ATP

Answer 50

Aerobic Respiration

Question 51

the compartment formed between the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes

Answer 51

Intermembrane Space

Question 52

the compartment enclosed by the inner mitochondrial membrane

Answer 52

Matrix

Question 53

shelflike or fingerlike inward projections of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion

Answer 53

Cristae

Question 54

programmed cell death

Answer 54

Apoptosis

Question 55

uncontrolled cell death

Answer 55

Necrosis

Question 56

any group of proteolytic enzymes that are active in the early stages of apoptosis

Answer 56

Caspases

Question 57

toxic, highly reactive compounds with unpaired electrons that bonds with other compounds in the cell and interfere with normal function

Answer 57

Free Radicals

Question 58

a set of reactions during which light energy is transformed into the chemical energy of glucose and other carbohydrates

Answer 58

Photosynthesis

Question 59

membranous organelles that are the sites of photosynthesis in eukaryotes

Answer 59

Chloroplasts

Question 60

a green pigment that traps light energy for photosynthesis

Answer 60

Chlorophyll

Question 61

a group of yellow to orange plant pigments synthesized from isoprene subunits; include carotenes and xanthophylls

Answer 61

Carotenoids

Question 62

a fluid space of the chloroplast, enclosed by the chloroplast inner membrane and surrounding the thylakoids

Answer 62

Stroma

Question 63

an interconnected system of flattened, saclike, membranous structures inside the chloroplast

Answer 63

Thylakoids

Question 64

a stack of thylakoids within a chloroplast

Answer 64

Grana

Question 65

thylakoid membrane encloses the innermost compartments within the chloroplast

Answer 65

Thylakoid Lumen

Question 66

produce and store food materials in cells of plants and algae

Answer 66

Plastids

Question 67

organelles that are plastid precursors; may mature into various specialized plastids, including chloroplasts, chromoplasts, or leukoplasts

Answer 67

Proplastids

Question 68

pigment-containing plastids; found mainly in flowers and fruits

Answer 68

Chromoplasts

Question 69

unpigmented plastids

Answer 69

Leukoplasts

Question 70

used to store starch

Answer 70

Amyloplasts

Question 71

a dense network of protein fibers, gives cells mechanical strength, shape and their ability to move

Answer 71

Cytoskeleton

Question 72

hollow cylindrical fibers consisting of tubulin protein subunits

Answer 72

Microtubules

Question 73

protein that makes up microtubules

Answer 73

Tubulin

Question 74

structural proteins that help regulate microtubule assembly and cross-link microtubules to other cytoskeletal polymers

Answer 74

Microtubule-Associated Proteins (MAPs)

Question 75

moves organelles toward the plus end of a microtubule

Answer 75

Kinesin

Question 76

transports organelles in the opposite direction, toward the minus end

Answer 76

Dynein

Question 77

the region of the cell from which microtubules are anchored and possibly assembled

Answer 77

Microtubule Organizing Centers (MTOCs)

Question 78

an organelle in animal cells that is the main microtubule-organizing center; typically contains a pair of centrioles and is important in cell division

Answer 78

Centrosome

Question 79

1 of a pair of small, cylindrical organelles lying at right angles to each other near the nucleus in the cytoplasm of animal cells and certain protist and plant cells

Answer 79

Centriols

Question 80

framework for the orderly distribution of chromosomes during cell division

Answer 80

Mitotic Spindle

Question 81

1 of many short, hairlike structures that project from the surface of some eukaryotic cells and are used for locomotion or movement of materials across the cell surface

Answer 81

Cilia

Question 82

structure involved in the organization and anchorage of a cilium or flagellum

Answer 82

Basal Body

Question 83

single nonmotile cilium on the cell surface of animal cells; binds specific molecules and serves as a “cellular antenna” in many signaling pathways

Answer 83

Primary Cilium

Question 84

flexible, solid fibers

Answer 84

Microfilaments

Question 85

the protein of which microfilaments consist; responsible for muscle contraction

Answer 85

Actin

Question 86

a protein that together with actin is responsible for muscle contraction

Answer 86

Myosin

Question 87

a temporary extension of an amoeboid cell that is used for feeding and locomotion (“false feet”)

Answer 87

Pseudopodia

Question 88

cell coat; formed by polysaccharides

Answer 88

Glycocalyx

Question 89

organize the matrix and help cells attach to it

Answer 89

Fibronectins