Chapter 4 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

the scientific theory that the cell is the basic unit of life, of which all living things are composed, and that all cells are derived from pre-existing cells

A

Cell Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the selectively permeable surface membrane that encloses the cell contents an through which all materials entering or leaving the cell must pass

A

Plasma Membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

1 of the specialized structures within the cell, such as the mitochondria, Golgi complex, ribosomes, or contractile vacuole, many are membrane-enclosed; carry out cell activities

A

Organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

minute projections of the plasma membrane that increase the surface area of the cell; found mainly in the intestine or kidney tubules

A

Microvilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

microscope in which light is refracted (bent) by glass lenses to produce a. magnified image

A

Light Microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the capacity to distinguish fine detail in an image

A

Resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

proteins derived from the immune system

A

Antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

a microscope capable of producing high-resolution, highly magnified images through the use of an electron beam (rather than light)

A

Electron Microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

the fine detail of a cell, generally only observable by use of an electron microscope

A

Ultrastructure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

the technique used to separate the components of cells by subjecting them to centrifugal force

A

Cell Fractionation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

a device used to separate cells or their components by centrifugal force

A

Centrifuge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

separation of cell particles according to their mass, size, or density

A

Differential Centrifugation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

procedure in which cell components are placed in a layer on top of a density gradient

A

Density Gradient Centrifugation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

a cell that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles; includes bacteria and archaea

A

Prokaryotic Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

an organism whose cells have nuclei and other membrane-enclosed organelles

A

Eukaryotic Cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

a molecule consisting of one or more phosphate groups, 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base

A

Nucleoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

the structure outside the plasma membrane of certain cells; may contain cellulose (plant cells), chitin (fungal cells), peptidoglycan and/or lipopolysaccharide (bacteria cells)

A

Cell Walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

a long whiplike structure extending from certain cells and use locomotion

A

Flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

small complexes of RNA and protein that synthesizes polypeptieds

A

Ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the plasma membrane and cell contents with the exception of the nucleus

A

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the contents of the cell nucleus

A

Nucleoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

the fluid component of the cytoplasm in which the organelles are suspended

A

Cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

a cell organelle in eukaryotes that contains the DNA and serves as the control center of the cell

A

Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

consists of 2 concentric membranes that separate the nuclear contents from the surrounding cytoplasm

A

Nuclear Envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
structures in the nuclear envelope that allows passage of certain materials between the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm
Nuclear Pores
26
a segment of DNA that serves as a unit of hereditary information
Genes
27
RNA that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein; transcribed from DNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
28
the complex of DNA and protein that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes
Chromatin
29
structures in the cell nucleus that consist of chromatin and contain the genes
Chromosome
30
specialized structure in the cell nucleus formed from regions of several chromosomes
Nucleolus
31
makes up ribosomes; part of the the protein synthesis machinery
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
32
the group of membrane structures in eukaryotic cells that interact through direct connections by vesicles
Endomembrane System
33
small cytoplasmic vesicles that move substances from one membrane to another
Transport Vesicles
34
the space enclosed by a membrane
Lumen
35
an interconnected network of internal membranes in eukaryotic cells enclosing a compartment, ER Lumen. Rough ER has ribosomes while smooth does not
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
36
proteins that help other proteins fold properly
Molecular Chaperones
37
protein complexes that direct the destruction of defective proteins
Proteasomes
38
organelle composed of stacks of flattened, membranous sacs; responsible for modifying, packaging, and sorting proteins
Golgi Complex
39
stacks of flattened membraneous sacs that make up the Golgi complex
Cisternae
40
small sacs of digestive enzymes dispersed in the cytoplasm
Lysosome
41
a cellular process in which lysosomes digest, process, and recycle the contents of a unneeded or damaged cell
Autophagy
42
a fluid-filled, membrane-enclosed sac found within the cytoplasm
Vacuole
43
membrane of the vacuole
Tonoplast
44
hydrostatic pressure that develops within a walled cell and presses outward against the plasma membrane
Turgor Pressure
45
remove excess water from the cell
Contractile Vacuoles
46
membrane-enclosed organelles containing enzymes that produce or degrade hydrogen peroxide
Peroxisomes
47
intracellular organelles that are the sites of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes; powerhouse of the cell
Mitochondria
48
membranous organelles that are the sites of photosynthesis in eukaryotes
Chloroplasts
49
the hypothesis that certain organelles such as the mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as symbiotic prokaryotes that lived inside other free-living prokaryotic cells
Serial Endosymbiosis
50
oxygen-requiring process that includes most of the reations that convert the chemical energy present in certain foods to ATP
Aerobic Respiration
51
the compartment formed between the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes
Intermembrane Space
52
the compartment enclosed by the inner mitochondrial membrane
Matrix
53
shelflike or fingerlike inward projections of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion
Cristae
54
programmed cell death
Apoptosis
55
uncontrolled cell death
Necrosis
56
any group of proteolytic enzymes that are active in the early stages of apoptosis
Caspases
57
toxic, highly reactive compounds with unpaired electrons that bonds with other compounds in the cell and interfere with normal function
Free Radicals
58
a set of reactions during which light energy is transformed into the chemical energy of glucose and other carbohydrates
Photosynthesis
59
membranous organelles that are the sites of photosynthesis in eukaryotes
Chloroplasts
60
a green pigment that traps light energy for photosynthesis
Chlorophyll
61
a group of yellow to orange plant pigments synthesized from isoprene subunits; include carotenes and xanthophylls
Carotenoids
62
a fluid space of the chloroplast, enclosed by the chloroplast inner membrane and surrounding the thylakoids
Stroma
63
an interconnected system of flattened, saclike, membranous structures inside the chloroplast
Thylakoids
64
a stack of thylakoids within a chloroplast
Grana
65
thylakoid membrane encloses the innermost compartments within the chloroplast
Thylakoid Lumen
66
produce and store food materials in cells of plants and algae
Plastids
67
organelles that are plastid precursors; may mature into various specialized plastids, including chloroplasts, chromoplasts, or leukoplasts
Proplastids
68
pigment-containing plastids; found mainly in flowers and fruits
Chromoplasts
69
unpigmented plastids
Leukoplasts
70
used to store starch
Amyloplasts
71
a dense network of protein fibers, gives cells mechanical strength, shape and their ability to move
Cytoskeleton
72
hollow cylindrical fibers consisting of tubulin protein subunits
Microtubules
73
protein that makes up microtubules
Tubulin
74
structural proteins that help regulate microtubule assembly and cross-link microtubules to other cytoskeletal polymers
Microtubule-Associated Proteins (MAPs)
75
moves organelles toward the plus end of a microtubule
Kinesin
76
transports organelles in the opposite direction, toward the minus end
Dynein
77
the region of the cell from which microtubules are anchored and possibly assembled
Microtubule Organizing Centers (MTOCs)
78
an organelle in animal cells that is the main microtubule-organizing center; typically contains a pair of centrioles and is important in cell division
Centrosome
79
1 of a pair of small, cylindrical organelles lying at right angles to each other near the nucleus in the cytoplasm of animal cells and certain protist and plant cells
Centriols
80
framework for the orderly distribution of chromosomes during cell division
Mitotic Spindle
81
1 of many short, hairlike structures that project from the surface of some eukaryotic cells and are used for locomotion or movement of materials across the cell surface
Cilia
82
structure involved in the organization and anchorage of a cilium or flagellum
Basal Body
83
single nonmotile cilium on the cell surface of animal cells; binds specific molecules and serves as a “cellular antenna” in many signaling pathways
Primary Cilium
84
flexible, solid fibers
Microfilaments
85
the protein of which microfilaments consist; responsible for muscle contraction
Actin
86
a protein that together with actin is responsible for muscle contraction
Myosin
87
a temporary extension of an amoeboid cell that is used for feeding and locomotion (“false feet”)
Pseudopodia
88
cell coat; formed by polysaccharides
Glycocalyx
89
organize the matrix and help cells attach to it
Fibronectins