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Cell and Molec > Chapter 1 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

the science of life

A

Biology

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2
Q

Clusters of Regularly Intersed Palindromic Repeats; a type of locus in DNA

A

CRISPR

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3
Q

the basic structural and functional unit of life; which consists of living material enclosed in a membrane

A

Cells

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4
Q

the scientific theory that the cell is the basic unit of life, of which all living things are composed, and that all cells are derived from pre-existing cells

A

Cell Theory

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5
Q

the selectively permeable surface membrane that encloses the cell content and through which all materials entering or leaving the cell must pass

A

Plasma Membrane

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6
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid; double-stranded nucleic acid; contains genetic information coded in specific sequences of its constituent nucleotides

A

DNA

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7
Q

one of the specialized structures within the cell, such as the mitochondria, Golgi complex, ribosomes, or contractile vacuole, many organelles are membrane-enclosed

A

Organelles

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8
Q

intracellular organelles that are the sites of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes, includes an outer membrane and a inner membrane

A

Mitochondria

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9
Q

a cell that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles; includes the bacteria and archaea (domains bacterial and archaea)

A

Prokaryotic Cells

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10
Q

a structural and functional region of a protein

A

Domain Bacteria

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11
Q

the broadest taxonomic category; each domain includes 1 or more kingdoms

A

Domain Archaea

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12
Q

Eukaryotic Cells an organism whose cells have nuclei and other membrane-enclosed organelles

A

Eukaryotic Cells

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13
Q

the central region of an atom that contains the protons and neutrons, control center of the cell

A

Nucleus

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14
Q

includes an increase in the size of individual cells of an organism, in the number of cells, or in both

A

Biological Growth

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15
Q

all the changes that take place during an organism’s life

A

Development

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16
Q

the sum of all the chemical processes that occur within a cell or organism; the transformations by which energy and matter are made available for use by the organism

A

Metabolism Metabolism

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17
Q

Homeostatsis the balanced internal environment of the body; the automatic tendency of an organism to maintain such as a steady state

A

Homeostatsis

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18
Q

self-regulating control systems that are remarkably sensitive and efficient

A

Homeostatic Mechanisms

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19
Q

physical or chemical changes in their internal or external environment

A

Stimuli

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20
Q

slow oozing of the cell

A

Amoeboid Movement

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21
Q

Cilia one of many short, hairlike structure that project form the surface of some eukaryotic cells and are used for locomotion or movement of materials across the cell surface

A

Cilia

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22
Q

Flagella a long whiplike structure extending from certain cells and used locomotion

A

Flagella

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23
Q

Sessile permanently attached to one location (coral, animals)

A

Sessile

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24
Q

Asexual Reproduction reproduction in which there is no fusion of gametes and in which the genetic makeup of parent and offspring is usually identical

A

Asexual Reproduction

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25
Q

Mutation a permanent change in the genes

A

Mutation

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26
Q

Sexual Reproduction a type of reproduction in which 2 gametes (usually, but not necessarily, contributed by 2 different parents) fuse to form a zygote

A

Sexual Reproduction

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27
Q

Adaptions inherited characteristics that enhance an organism’s ability to survive in a particular environment

A

Adaptions

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28
Q

Reductionism learning about a structure or process by studying its simplest components

A

Reductionism

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29
Q

Emergent Properties characteristics of an object, process, or behavior tht could not be predicted form its component parts

A

Emergent Properties

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30
Q

Biosphere all Earth’s ecosystems together

A

Biosphere

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31
Q

Ecology the study of how organisms relate to one another and to their physical environment

A

Ecology

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32
Q

Genes units of hereditary information

A

Genes

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33
Q

Nucleotide

A

a molecule consisting of 1 or more phosphate groups, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base

34
Q

Proteins large molecules important in determining the structure and function of cells and tissues

A

Proteins

35
Q

a chemical messenger, often produced in one region of the body of a multicellular organism and transported to another region where it signals cells to alter some aspect of growth, development, or metabolism

A

Hormones

36
Q

Cell Signaling mechanisms of communication between cells

A

Cell Signaling

37
Q

Neurotransmitters chemical signals used by neurons to transmit impulses across a synapse

A

Neurotransmitters

38
Q

an organism that synthesizes complex organic compounds from simple inorganic raw materials

A

Autotrophs (producers)

39
Q

the process during which autotrophs use carbon dioxide

A

Photosynthesis

40
Q

process by which cells generate ATP through a series of redox reactions

A

Cellular Respiration

41
Q

organisms that depend of producers for food, energy, and oxygen

A

Heterotrophs (consumers)

42
Q

eat producers

A

Primary Consumers

43
Q

eat primary consumers

A

Secondary Consumers

44
Q

heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by breaking down nonliving organic material such as wastes, dead leaves, branches, and dead organisms

A

Decomposers

45
Q

Evolution the process by which populations of organisms change overtime

A

Evolution

46
Q

currently living organisms

A

Extant

47
Q

the field of biology that studies the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships

A

Systematics

48
Q

subspecialty of systematics, the science of naming and classifying organisms

A

Taxonomy

49
Q

Gene Pool

A

all the genes present in the population

50
Q

Genus

A

a taxonomic category made up of related species

51
Q

Binomial System of Nomenclature

A

system of naming a species by the combination of the genus name and a specific epithet

52
Q

Specific Epithet

A

the second part of the name of a species

53
Q

Family

A

a taxonomic category made up of related genera

54
Q

Orders

A

a taxonomic category made up of related families

55
Q

Classes

A

a taxonomic category made up of related orders

56
Q

Phyla

A

a taxonomic grouping of related, similar classes, below kingdom

57
Q

Kingdom

A

a broad taxonomic category made up of related phyla; many biologists currently assign living organisms to 5 kingdom and “subgroups”

58
Q

Domains

A

the broadest taxonomic category; each domain includes 1 or more kindgoms

59
Q

Taxons

A

a formal taxonomic group at any level

60
Q

Clade

A

a group of organisms with a common ancestor

61
Q

Cladogram

A

a branching diagram that illustrates taxonomic relationships based on the principles of clanistics

62
Q

Prokaryotes

A

a cell that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles; includes the bacteria and archaea

63
Q

Prokaryotes

A

a cell that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles; includes the bacteria and archaea

64
Q

Bacteria

A

prokaryotic organisms that have peptidoglycan in their cell walls

65
Q

Archaea

A

one of the 2 prokaryotic domains. The absence of peptidoglycan in their cell walls sets them apart form the bacteria

66
Q

Eukarya

A

the domain that includes all eukaryotes: protists, fungi, plants, and animals

67
Q

Protists

A

unicellular, colonial, or simple multicellular organisms that have a eukaryotic cell organization; first eukaryotes to evolve

68
Q

Plantae

A

complex multicellular organisms adapted to carry out photosynthesis

69
Q

Cuticle

A

waxy covering over aerial parts that reduces water loss

70
Q

Stomata

A

tiny opening in stems and leaves for gas exhange

71
Q

Gametangia

A

organs that protect developing reproductive cells

72
Q

Fungi

A

a heterotrophic eukaryote belonging to the opposite clade, with chitinous cell walls and a body usually in the form of a mycelium of branched, threaded like hyphae

73
Q

Animalia

A

made up of multicellular organisms that obtain their nutrition by eating other organisms

74
Q

Natural Selection

A

the mechanism of evolution proposed by Darwin; the tendency of organisms that have favorable adaptations to their environment to survive and become the parents of the next generation

75
Q

Gene Pool

A

all the genes present in a population

76
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

the reasoning that operates from generalities to specifics and can make relationships among data more apparent

77
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

the reasoning that uses specific examples to draw a general conclusion or discover a general principle

78
Q

Paradigm

A

set of assumptions or concepts that constitute a way of thinking about realith

79
Q

Paradigm Shift

A

changed view of reality

80
Q

Systems Biology

A

field of biology that builds on information provided by the reductionist approach

Cell and Molec (6 decks)

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