Chapter 1 Vocab Flashcards
the science of life
Biology
Clusters of Regularly Intersed Palindromic Repeats; a type of locus in DNA
CRISPR
the basic structural and functional unit of life; which consists of living material enclosed in a membrane
Cells
the scientific theory that the cell is the basic unit of life, of which all living things are composed, and that all cells are derived from pre-existing cells
Cell Theory
the selectively permeable surface membrane that encloses the cell content and through which all materials entering or leaving the cell must pass
Plasma Membrane
deoxyribonucleic acid; double-stranded nucleic acid; contains genetic information coded in specific sequences of its constituent nucleotides
DNA
one of the specialized structures within the cell, such as the mitochondria, Golgi complex, ribosomes, or contractile vacuole, many organelles are membrane-enclosed
Organelles
intracellular organelles that are the sites of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes, includes an outer membrane and a inner membrane
Mitochondria
a cell that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles; includes the bacteria and archaea (domains bacterial and archaea)
Prokaryotic Cells
a structural and functional region of a protein
Domain Bacteria
the broadest taxonomic category; each domain includes 1 or more kingdoms
Domain Archaea
Eukaryotic Cells an organism whose cells have nuclei and other membrane-enclosed organelles
Eukaryotic Cells
the central region of an atom that contains the protons and neutrons, control center of the cell
Nucleus
includes an increase in the size of individual cells of an organism, in the number of cells, or in both
Biological Growth
all the changes that take place during an organism’s life
Development
the sum of all the chemical processes that occur within a cell or organism; the transformations by which energy and matter are made available for use by the organism
Metabolism Metabolism
Homeostatsis the balanced internal environment of the body; the automatic tendency of an organism to maintain such as a steady state
Homeostatsis
self-regulating control systems that are remarkably sensitive and efficient
Homeostatic Mechanisms
physical or chemical changes in their internal or external environment
Stimuli
slow oozing of the cell
Amoeboid Movement
Cilia one of many short, hairlike structure that project form the surface of some eukaryotic cells and are used for locomotion or movement of materials across the cell surface
Cilia
Flagella a long whiplike structure extending from certain cells and used locomotion
Flagella
Sessile permanently attached to one location (coral, animals)
Sessile
Asexual Reproduction reproduction in which there is no fusion of gametes and in which the genetic makeup of parent and offspring is usually identical
Asexual Reproduction
Mutation a permanent change in the genes
Mutation
Sexual Reproduction a type of reproduction in which 2 gametes (usually, but not necessarily, contributed by 2 different parents) fuse to form a zygote
Sexual Reproduction
Adaptions inherited characteristics that enhance an organism’s ability to survive in a particular environment
Adaptions
Reductionism learning about a structure or process by studying its simplest components
Reductionism
Emergent Properties characteristics of an object, process, or behavior tht could not be predicted form its component parts
Emergent Properties
Biosphere all Earth’s ecosystems together
Biosphere
Ecology the study of how organisms relate to one another and to their physical environment
Ecology
Genes units of hereditary information
Genes
Nucleotide
a molecule consisting of 1 or more phosphate groups, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base
Proteins large molecules important in determining the structure and function of cells and tissues
Proteins
a chemical messenger, often produced in one region of the body of a multicellular organism and transported to another region where it signals cells to alter some aspect of growth, development, or metabolism
Hormones
Cell Signaling mechanisms of communication between cells
Cell Signaling
Neurotransmitters chemical signals used by neurons to transmit impulses across a synapse
Neurotransmitters
an organism that synthesizes complex organic compounds from simple inorganic raw materials
Autotrophs (producers)
the process during which autotrophs use carbon dioxide
Photosynthesis
process by which cells generate ATP through a series of redox reactions
Cellular Respiration
organisms that depend of producers for food, energy, and oxygen
Heterotrophs (consumers)
eat producers
Primary Consumers
eat primary consumers
Secondary Consumers
heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by breaking down nonliving organic material such as wastes, dead leaves, branches, and dead organisms
Decomposers
Evolution the process by which populations of organisms change overtime
Evolution
currently living organisms
Extant
the field of biology that studies the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships
Systematics
subspecialty of systematics, the science of naming and classifying organisms
Taxonomy
Gene Pool
all the genes present in the population
Genus
a taxonomic category made up of related species
Binomial System of Nomenclature
system of naming a species by the combination of the genus name and a specific epithet
Specific Epithet
the second part of the name of a species
Family
a taxonomic category made up of related genera
Orders
a taxonomic category made up of related families
Classes
a taxonomic category made up of related orders
Phyla
a taxonomic grouping of related, similar classes, below kingdom
Kingdom
a broad taxonomic category made up of related phyla; many biologists currently assign living organisms to 5 kingdom and “subgroups”
Domains
the broadest taxonomic category; each domain includes 1 or more kindgoms
Taxons
a formal taxonomic group at any level
Clade
a group of organisms with a common ancestor
Cladogram
a branching diagram that illustrates taxonomic relationships based on the principles of clanistics
Prokaryotes
a cell that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles; includes the bacteria and archaea
Prokaryotes
a cell that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles; includes the bacteria and archaea
Bacteria
prokaryotic organisms that have peptidoglycan in their cell walls
Archaea
one of the 2 prokaryotic domains. The absence of peptidoglycan in their cell walls sets them apart form the bacteria
Eukarya
the domain that includes all eukaryotes: protists, fungi, plants, and animals
Protists
unicellular, colonial, or simple multicellular organisms that have a eukaryotic cell organization; first eukaryotes to evolve
Plantae
complex multicellular organisms adapted to carry out photosynthesis
Cuticle
waxy covering over aerial parts that reduces water loss
Stomata
tiny opening in stems and leaves for gas exhange
Gametangia
organs that protect developing reproductive cells
Fungi
a heterotrophic eukaryote belonging to the opposite clade, with chitinous cell walls and a body usually in the form of a mycelium of branched, threaded like hyphae
Animalia
made up of multicellular organisms that obtain their nutrition by eating other organisms
Natural Selection
the mechanism of evolution proposed by Darwin; the tendency of organisms that have favorable adaptations to their environment to survive and become the parents of the next generation
Gene Pool
all the genes present in a population
Deductive Reasoning
the reasoning that operates from generalities to specifics and can make relationships among data more apparent
Inductive Reasoning
the reasoning that uses specific examples to draw a general conclusion or discover a general principle
Paradigm
set of assumptions or concepts that constitute a way of thinking about realith
Paradigm Shift
changed view of reality
Systems Biology
field of biology that builds on information provided by the reductionist approach
