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Cell and Molec > Chapter 1 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

the science of life

A

Biology

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2
Q

Clusters of Regularly Intersed Palindromic Repeats; a type of locus in DNA

A

CRISPR

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3
Q

the basic structural and functional unit of life; which consists of living material enclosed in a membrane

A

Cells

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4
Q

the scientific theory that the cell is the basic unit of life, of which all living things are composed, and that all cells are derived from pre-existing cells

A

Cell Theory

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5
Q

the selectively permeable surface membrane that encloses the cell content and through which all materials entering or leaving the cell must pass

A

Plasma Membrane

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6
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid; double-stranded nucleic acid; contains genetic information coded in specific sequences of its constituent nucleotides

A

DNA

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7
Q

one of the specialized structures within the cell, such as the mitochondria, Golgi complex, ribosomes, or contractile vacuole, many organelles are membrane-enclosed

A

Organelles

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8
Q

intracellular organelles that are the sites of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes, includes an outer membrane and a inner membrane

A

Mitochondria

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9
Q

a cell that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles; includes the bacteria and archaea (domains bacterial and archaea)

A

Prokaryotic Cells

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10
Q

a structural and functional region of a protein

A

Domain Bacteria

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11
Q

the broadest taxonomic category; each domain includes 1 or more kingdoms

A

Domain Archaea

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12
Q

Eukaryotic Cells an organism whose cells have nuclei and other membrane-enclosed organelles

A

Eukaryotic Cells

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13
Q

the central region of an atom that contains the protons and neutrons, control center of the cell

A

Nucleus

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14
Q

includes an increase in the size of individual cells of an organism, in the number of cells, or in both

A

Biological Growth

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15
Q

all the changes that take place during an organism’s life

A

Development

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16
Q

the sum of all the chemical processes that occur within a cell or organism; the transformations by which energy and matter are made available for use by the organism

A

Metabolism Metabolism

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17
Q

Homeostatsis the balanced internal environment of the body; the automatic tendency of an organism to maintain such as a steady state

A

Homeostatsis

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18
Q

self-regulating control systems that are remarkably sensitive and efficient

A

Homeostatic Mechanisms

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19
Q

physical or chemical changes in their internal or external environment

A

Stimuli

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20
Q

slow oozing of the cell

A

Amoeboid Movement

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21
Q

Cilia one of many short, hairlike structure that project form the surface of some eukaryotic cells and are used for locomotion or movement of materials across the cell surface

A

Cilia

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22
Q

Flagella a long whiplike structure extending from certain cells and used locomotion

A

Flagella

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23
Q

Sessile permanently attached to one location (coral, animals)

A

Sessile

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24
Q

Asexual Reproduction reproduction in which there is no fusion of gametes and in which the genetic makeup of parent and offspring is usually identical

A

Asexual Reproduction

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25
Mutation a permanent change in the genes
Mutation
26
Sexual Reproduction a type of reproduction in which 2 gametes (usually, but not necessarily, contributed by 2 different parents) fuse to form a zygote
Sexual Reproduction
27
Adaptions inherited characteristics that enhance an organism’s ability to survive in a particular environment
Adaptions
28
Reductionism learning about a structure or process by studying its simplest components
Reductionism
29
Emergent Properties characteristics of an object, process, or behavior tht could not be predicted form its component parts
Emergent Properties
30
Biosphere all Earth’s ecosystems together
Biosphere
31
Ecology the study of how organisms relate to one another and to their physical environment
Ecology
32
Genes units of hereditary information
Genes
33
Nucleotide
a molecule consisting of 1 or more phosphate groups, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base
34
Proteins large molecules important in determining the structure and function of cells and tissues
Proteins
35
a chemical messenger, often produced in one region of the body of a multicellular organism and transported to another region where it signals cells to alter some aspect of growth, development, or metabolism
Hormones
36
Cell Signaling mechanisms of communication between cells
Cell Signaling
37
Neurotransmitters chemical signals used by neurons to transmit impulses across a synapse
Neurotransmitters
38
an organism that synthesizes complex organic compounds from simple inorganic raw materials
Autotrophs (producers)
39
the process during which autotrophs use carbon dioxide
Photosynthesis
40
process by which cells generate ATP through a series of redox reactions
Cellular Respiration
41
organisms that depend of producers for food, energy, and oxygen
Heterotrophs (consumers)
42
eat producers
Primary Consumers
43
eat primary consumers
Secondary Consumers
44
heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by breaking down nonliving organic material such as wastes, dead leaves, branches, and dead organisms
Decomposers
45
Evolution the process by which populations of organisms change overtime
Evolution
46
currently living organisms
Extant
47
the field of biology that studies the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships
Systematics
48
subspecialty of systematics, the science of naming and classifying organisms
Taxonomy
49
Gene Pool
all the genes present in the population
50
Genus
a taxonomic category made up of related species
51
Binomial System of Nomenclature
system of naming a species by the combination of the genus name and a specific epithet
52
Specific Epithet
the second part of the name of a species
53
Family
a taxonomic category made up of related genera
54
Orders
a taxonomic category made up of related families
55
Classes
a taxonomic category made up of related orders
56
Phyla
a taxonomic grouping of related, similar classes, below kingdom
57
Kingdom
a broad taxonomic category made up of related phyla; many biologists currently assign living organisms to 5 kingdom and “subgroups”
58
Domains
the broadest taxonomic category; each domain includes 1 or more kindgoms
59
Taxons
a formal taxonomic group at any level
60
Clade
a group of organisms with a common ancestor
61
Cladogram
a branching diagram that illustrates taxonomic relationships based on the principles of clanistics
62
Prokaryotes
a cell that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles; includes the bacteria and archaea
63
Prokaryotes
a cell that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles; includes the bacteria and archaea
64
Bacteria
prokaryotic organisms that have peptidoglycan in their cell walls
65
Archaea
one of the 2 prokaryotic domains. The absence of peptidoglycan in their cell walls sets them apart form the bacteria
66
Eukarya
the domain that includes all eukaryotes: protists, fungi, plants, and animals
67
Protists
unicellular, colonial, or simple multicellular organisms that have a eukaryotic cell organization; first eukaryotes to evolve
68
Plantae
complex multicellular organisms adapted to carry out photosynthesis
69
Cuticle
waxy covering over aerial parts that reduces water loss
70
Stomata
tiny opening in stems and leaves for gas exhange
71
Gametangia
organs that protect developing reproductive cells
72
Fungi
a heterotrophic eukaryote belonging to the opposite clade, with chitinous cell walls and a body usually in the form of a mycelium of branched, threaded like hyphae
73
Animalia
made up of multicellular organisms that obtain their nutrition by eating other organisms
74
Natural Selection
the mechanism of evolution proposed by Darwin; the tendency of organisms that have favorable adaptations to their environment to survive and become the parents of the next generation
75
Gene Pool
all the genes present in a population
76
Deductive Reasoning
the reasoning that operates from generalities to specifics and can make relationships among data more apparent
77
Inductive Reasoning
the reasoning that uses specific examples to draw a general conclusion or discover a general principle
78
Paradigm
set of assumptions or concepts that constitute a way of thinking about realith
79
Paradigm Shift
changed view of reality
80
Systems Biology
field of biology that builds on information provided by the reductionist approach

Cell and Molec (6 decks)

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