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Cell and Molec > Chapter 2 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Inorganic Compounds

A

a simple substance that does not contain a carbon backbone

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2
Q

Organic Compounds

A

a compound consisting of a backbone made up of carbon atoms

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3
Q

Elements

A

substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions

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4
Q

Chemical Signal

A

the abbreviation for an element;usually the 1st letter (or 1st and 2nd letters) of the English or Latin name

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5
Q

Trace Elements

A

they are only required in minute amounts

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6
Q

Atom

A

the smallest portion of an element that retains its chemical properties

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7
Q

Matter

A

anything that has mass and takes up space (subatomic particles)

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8
Q

Nucleus

A

central region of the atom that contains the protons and neutrons

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9
Q

Atomic Number

A

the number of protons in the atomic nucleus of an atom, which uniquely identifies the element to which the atom corresponds

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10
Q

Atomic Mass Unit (amu)(dalton)

A

the approximate mass of a proton or neutron

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11
Q

Atomic Mass

A

number that indicates approximately how much matter that atom contains compared with another atom (#of protons + # of neutrons)

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12
Q

Radioisotopes

A

unstable isotopes that spontaneously emit radiation

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13
Q

Isotopes

A

an alternative form of an element with a different number of neutrons but the same osmotic pressure

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14
Q

Autoradiography

A

radiation causes the appearance of dark silver grains in photographic film

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15
Q

Orbitals

A

region in which electrons occur in an atom or molecule

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16
Q

Electron Shell

A

group of orbitals of electrons with similar energies

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17
Q

Valence Shell

A

outermost ring in a Bohr model

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18
Q

Valence Electrons

A

electrons in the outer electron shell, known as the valence shell, of an atom, in the formation of a chemical bond

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19
Q

Molecules

A

2 or more atoms may become joined ver strongly to form a stable particle

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20
Q

Chemical Formula

A

shorthand expression that describes the chemical composition of a substance

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21
Q

Simplest Formula (empirical)

A

a chemical formula that gives the smallest whole-number ratio of the component atoms

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22
Q

Molecular Formula

A

the type of chemical formula that gives the actual numbers of each type of atom in a molecule

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23
Q

Structural Formula

A

a type of chemical formula that shows the spatial arrangement of the atoms in a molecule

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24
Q

Avogadro’s Number

A

the number of units (6.02 e23) present in 1 mole of any substance

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25
Q

Reactants

A

the substances that participate in the reaction

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26
Q

Products

A

the substances formed by the reaction

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27
Q

Dynamic Equilibrium

A

the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal

28
Q

Bond Energy

A

the energy required to break a particular chemical bond

29
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

sharing of electrons beween atoms in a way that results in each atom having a filled valence shell

30
Q

Covalent Compound

A

a compound in which atoms are held together by covalent bonds

31
Q

Orbital Hybridization

A

a rearrangement of the orbitals in the valence shell that may occur when an atom forms covalent bonds with other atoms

32
Q

Electronegativity

A

a measure of an atoms attraction for electrons

33
Q

Polar Molecule

A

one end with a partial positive charge and another end with a partial negative charge

34
Q

Cations

A

positively charged ions

35
Q

Anions

A

negatively charged ions

36
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

the chemical attraction between a cation and an anion

37
Q

Solute

A

a dissolved substance

38
Q

Surface Tension

A

the attraction that the molecules at the surface of a liquid may have for one another

39
Q

Hyrophilic

A

substances that interact readily with water

40
Q

Hydrophobic

A

water fearing

41
Q

Hydrophobic interactions

A

the tendency of hydrophobic substances to cluster together due to strong cohesive interactions among surrounding water molecules

42
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

energy of motion

43
Q

Heat

A

the total amount of kinetic energy

44
Q

Temperature

A

measure of the average kinetic energy

45
Q

Heat of Vaporization

A

the amount of heat energy required the change 1g of a substance for the liquid phase to the vapor phase

46
Q

Calorie

A

amount of hat energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water 1 degree celsius

47
Q

Specific Heat

A

amount of energy required the raise the temperature of water

48
Q

Acid

A

proton donor

49
Q

Base

A

proton acceptor

50
Q

pH

A

-log10 [H+]

51
Q

Ionic Compound

A

a substance consisting of cations and anions, which are attracted by their opposite charges, they do not consist of molecules

52
Q

Solvent

A

liquid capable of dissolving many substances

53
Q

Hydration

A

process of association of a substance with a partial positive and/or negative charges of water molecules

54
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

a weak attractive force existing between a hydrogen atom with usually oxygen or nitrogen

55
Q

Van der Walls Interactions

A

weak attractive forces between atoms; caused by interactions among fluctuating charges

56
Q

Redox Reaction

A

the chemical reaction in which 1 or more electrons are transferred from 1 substance (oxidized) to another (reduced)

57
Q

Oxidation

A

the loss of 1 or more electrons (hydrogen atoms) by an atom, ion, or molecule

58
Q

Reduction

A

the gain of 1 or more electrons (hydrogen atoms) by an atom, ion, or molecule

59
Q

Cohesion

A

ring-shaped protein complex responsible for linking siste chromatids during prophase

60
Q

Adhesion

A

the property of sticking to some other substance

61
Q

Capillary Action

A

the ability of water to move in small-diameter tubes as a consequence of its cohesion and adhesion

62
Q

Neutral Solution

A

pH of 7, equal concentrations of hydrogen ions [H+] and hydroxide ions [OH-]

63
Q

Acidic Solution

A

hydrogen ions > hydroxide ions; pH <7

64
Q

Basic Solution

A

hydrogen ions7

65
Q

Buffer

A

resists changes in pH when an acid or base is added

66
Q

Salt

A

hydrogen ion of an acid is replaced by some other cation

67
Q

Electrolytes

A

a substance that dissociates into ions when dissolved in water; solution can conduct electrical current

Cell and Molec (6 decks)

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