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Cell and Molec > Chapter 3 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

organic compounds consisting on of carbon and hydrogen, can exist as unbranched or branched chains, or a rings

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2
Q

Isomers

A

1 or 2 or more chemical compounds having the same chemical formula but different structural formulas

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3
Q

Structural Isomers

A

1 or 2 or more chemical compounds having the same chemical formula but differing in the covalent arrangement of their atoms (glucose and fructose)

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4
Q

Geometric Isomers

A

1 or 2 or more chemical compounds having the same arrangement of covalent bonds but differing in the spatial arrangement of their atoms or groups of atoms

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5
Q

Enantiomers

A

2 isomeric chemical compounds that are mirror images

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6
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

an organic compound composed solely of hydrogen and carbon atoms

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7
Q

Hydrophobic Interactions

A

the tendency of hydrophobic substances to cluster together due to strong cohesive interactions among surrounding water molecules

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8
Q

Functional Group

A

a group of atoms that confers distinctive properties on an organic molecule to which it is attached

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9
Q

Hydrophilic

A

water—loving

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10
Q

Methyl Group

A

a nonpolar functional group; abbreviated -CH3

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11
Q

Hydroxyl Group

A

polar functional group; abbreviated -OH

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12
Q

Carbonyl Group

A

a polar functional group consisting of a carbon attached to an oxygen by a double bond; found in aldehydes and ketones

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13
Q

Aldehyde

A

an organic molecule containing a carbonyl group bonded to at least 1 hydrogen atom on the end of the carbon skeleton

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14
Q

Ketone

A

an organic molecule containing a carbonyl group bonded to 2 carbon atoms, internal

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15
Q

Carboxyl Group

A

a weakly acidic functional group, abbreviated -COOH

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16
Q

Amino Group

A

a weakly basic functional group; abbreviated -NH2

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17
Q

Phosphate Group

A

a weakly acidic functional group that can release 1 or 2 hydrogen ions

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18
Q

Sulfhydryl Group

A

functional group abbreviated -SH; found in organic compounds called thiols

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19
Q

Macromolecules

A

a very large organic molecule, such as a protein or nucleic acid

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20
Q

Polymers

A

a molecule built up from repeating subunits of the same general type (monomers); examples includes proteins, nucleic acids, or polysaccharides

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21
Q

Monomers

A

a molecule that can link with other similar molecules; 2 monomers join to form a dimer. Small sugars or amino acids or large tubulin or actin

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22
Q

Hydrolysis Reaction

A

break with water

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23
Q

Condensation Reactions

A

reaction in which 2 monomers are combined covalently through the removal of the equivalent of a water molecule

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24
Q

Carbohydrates

A

compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, in the approximate ration of C:2H:O (sugars, starch, cellulose)

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25
Q

Monosaccharides

A

a sugar that cannot be degraded by hydrolysis to a simpler sugar (glucose and fructose)

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26
Q

Glucose

A

a hexose aldehyde sugar that is central to many metabolic processes

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27
Q

Disaccharide

A

a sugar produced by covalently linking 2 monosaccharides

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28
Q

Glycosidic Linkage

A

covalent linkage joining 2 sugars; includes an oxygen atom bonded to a carbon of each sugar

29
Q

Polysaccharide

A

a carbohydrate consisting of many monosaccharide subunits

30
Q

Starch

A

a polysaccharide composed of alpha glucose subunits; made by plants for energy storage

31
Q

Amyloplasts

A

colorless plastid that forms and stores starch

32
Q

Glycogen

A

the principle storage polysaccharide in animal cells; formed from glucose and stored primarily in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in muscle cells

33
Q

Cellulose

A

insoluble polysaccharide composed of many joined glucose molecules

34
Q

Chitin

A

a nitrogen-containing structural polysaccharide that forms the exoskeleton of insects and the cell walls of many fungi

35
Q

Glycoproteins

A

a protein with covalently attached carbohydrates

36
Q

Glycolipids

A

a lipid with covalently attached carbohydrates

37
Q

Lipids

A

any of a group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in non polar solvents; lipids sere as energy storage and are important components of cell membranes

38
Q

Triacylglycerols

A

the main storage lipid of organisms, consisting of a glycerol combined chemically with 3 fatty acids

39
Q

Glycerol

A

a 3-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group on each carbon; a component of triacylglycerols and phospholipids

40
Q

Fatty Acid

A

a lipid that is an organic acid containing a long hydrocarbon chain

41
Q

Ester Linkage

A

covalent linkage formed by the reaction of a carboxyl group and a hydroxyl group

42
Q

Monoacylglycerol

A

lipid consisting of glycerol combined chemically with single fatty acid

43
Q

Diacylglycerol

A

lipid consisting of glycerol combined chemically with 2 fatty acids

44
Q

Saturated Fatty Acid

A

contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms

45
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

A

1 or more adjacent pairs of carbon atoms joined by a double bond

46
Q

Monounsaturated Fatty Acid

A

fatty acid with 1 double bond

47
Q

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid

A

fatty acid with more that 1 double bond

48
Q

Amphipathic Lipids

A

one end is hydrophilic and the other end is hydrophobic

49
Q

Phospholipid

A

lipids in which 2 fatty acids and a phosphorus-containing group are attached to glycerol; major components of cell membranes

50
Q

Carotenoids

A

a group of yellow to orange plant pigments synthesized from isoprene subunits; include carotenes and xanthophylls

51
Q

Retinal

A

visual pigment derived from vitamin A; present in eyes of insects, mollusks, and vertebrates

52
Q

Steroid

A

complex molecules containing carbon atoms arranged in 4 attached rings, 3 of which contain 6 carbon atoms each and the 4th of which contains 5

53
Q

Proteins

A

a large, complex organic compound composed of covalently linked amino acid subunits; contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfer

54
Q

Enzymes

A

an organic catalyst (protein) that accelerates a specific chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction

55
Q

Amino Acids

A

an organic compound containing an amino group and a carboxyl group; may be joined; may be joined by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain

56
Q

Alpha Carbon

A

asymmetrical carbon in an amino acid to which an amino group, a carboxyl group, a side chain, and a hydrogen are covalently bonded

57
Q

Essential Amino Acid

A

an amino acid that must be provided in the diet because the body cannot make it or cannot make it in sufficient quantities to meet nutritional needs

58
Q

Peptide Bond

A

a distinctive covalent carbon-to-carbon nitrogen bond that links amino acids

59
Q

Dipeptide

A

when 2 amino acids combine

60
Q

Polypeptide

A

a long chain of amino acids

61
Q

Primary Structure

A

the sequence of amino acids, joined by peptide bons

62
Q

Secondary Structure

A

a regular geometric shape produced by hydrogen bonding between the atoms of the uniform polypeptide backbone

63
Q

Alpha Helix

A

a regular, coiled type of secondary structure of a polypeptide chain, maintained by hydrogen bonds

64
Q

B-Pleated Sheets

A

a regular, folded, sheet like type of protein secondary structure, resulting from hydrogen bonding between 2 different polypeptide chains or 2 region of the same polypeptide chain

65
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

the overall 3-dimensional shape of a polypeptide that is determined by interactions involving the amino acid side chains

66
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

the overall conformation of a protein produced by the interaction of 2 or more polypeptide chains

67
Q

Molecular Chaperones

A

proteins that help other proteins fold properly. Although chaperones do not dictate the folding pattern, they make the process more efficient

68
Q

Domain

A

structural and functional region of a protein

69
Q

Phosphodiester Linkages

A

covalent linkage between 2 nucleotides in a strand of DNA or RNA; includes a phosphate group bonded to the sugars of 2 adjacent nucleotides

Cell and Molec (6 decks)

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