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Cell and Molec > Chapter 3 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

organic compounds consisting on of carbon and hydrogen, can exist as unbranched or branched chains, or a rings

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2
Q

Isomers

A

1 or 2 or more chemical compounds having the same chemical formula but different structural formulas

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3
Q

Structural Isomers

A

1 or 2 or more chemical compounds having the same chemical formula but differing in the covalent arrangement of their atoms (glucose and fructose)

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4
Q

Geometric Isomers

A

1 or 2 or more chemical compounds having the same arrangement of covalent bonds but differing in the spatial arrangement of their atoms or groups of atoms

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5
Q

Enantiomers

A

2 isomeric chemical compounds that are mirror images

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6
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

an organic compound composed solely of hydrogen and carbon atoms

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7
Q

Hydrophobic Interactions

A

the tendency of hydrophobic substances to cluster together due to strong cohesive interactions among surrounding water molecules

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8
Q

Functional Group

A

a group of atoms that confers distinctive properties on an organic molecule to which it is attached

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9
Q

Hydrophilic

A

water—loving

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10
Q

Methyl Group

A

a nonpolar functional group; abbreviated -CH3

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11
Q

Hydroxyl Group

A

polar functional group; abbreviated -OH

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12
Q

Carbonyl Group

A

a polar functional group consisting of a carbon attached to an oxygen by a double bond; found in aldehydes and ketones

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13
Q

Aldehyde

A

an organic molecule containing a carbonyl group bonded to at least 1 hydrogen atom on the end of the carbon skeleton

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14
Q

Ketone

A

an organic molecule containing a carbonyl group bonded to 2 carbon atoms, internal

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15
Q

Carboxyl Group

A

a weakly acidic functional group, abbreviated -COOH

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16
Q

Amino Group

A

a weakly basic functional group; abbreviated -NH2

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17
Q

Phosphate Group

A

a weakly acidic functional group that can release 1 or 2 hydrogen ions

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18
Q

Sulfhydryl Group

A

functional group abbreviated -SH; found in organic compounds called thiols

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19
Q

Macromolecules

A

a very large organic molecule, such as a protein or nucleic acid

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20
Q

Polymers

A

a molecule built up from repeating subunits of the same general type (monomers); examples includes proteins, nucleic acids, or polysaccharides

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21
Q

Monomers

A

a molecule that can link with other similar molecules; 2 monomers join to form a dimer. Small sugars or amino acids or large tubulin or actin

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22
Q

Hydrolysis Reaction

A

break with water

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23
Q

Condensation Reactions

A

reaction in which 2 monomers are combined covalently through the removal of the equivalent of a water molecule

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24
Q

Carbohydrates

A

compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, in the approximate ration of C:2H:O (sugars, starch, cellulose)

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25
Monosaccharides
a sugar that cannot be degraded by hydrolysis to a simpler sugar (glucose and fructose)
26
Glucose
a hexose aldehyde sugar that is central to many metabolic processes
27
Disaccharide
a sugar produced by covalently linking 2 monosaccharides
28
Glycosidic Linkage
covalent linkage joining 2 sugars; includes an oxygen atom bonded to a carbon of each sugar
29
Polysaccharide
a carbohydrate consisting of many monosaccharide subunits
30
Starch
a polysaccharide composed of alpha glucose subunits; made by plants for energy storage
31
Amyloplasts
colorless plastid that forms and stores starch
32
Glycogen
the principle storage polysaccharide in animal cells; formed from glucose and stored primarily in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in muscle cells
33
Cellulose
insoluble polysaccharide composed of many joined glucose molecules
34
Chitin
a nitrogen-containing structural polysaccharide that forms the exoskeleton of insects and the cell walls of many fungi
35
Glycoproteins
a protein with covalently attached carbohydrates
36
Glycolipids
a lipid with covalently attached carbohydrates
37
Lipids
any of a group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in non polar solvents; lipids sere as energy storage and are important components of cell membranes
38
Triacylglycerols
the main storage lipid of organisms, consisting of a glycerol combined chemically with 3 fatty acids
39
Glycerol
a 3-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group on each carbon; a component of triacylglycerols and phospholipids
40
Fatty Acid
a lipid that is an organic acid containing a long hydrocarbon chain
41
Ester Linkage
covalent linkage formed by the reaction of a carboxyl group and a hydroxyl group
42
Monoacylglycerol
lipid consisting of glycerol combined chemically with single fatty acid
43
Diacylglycerol
lipid consisting of glycerol combined chemically with 2 fatty acids
44
Saturated Fatty Acid
contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms
45
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
1 or more adjacent pairs of carbon atoms joined by a double bond
46
Monounsaturated Fatty Acid
fatty acid with 1 double bond
47
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid
fatty acid with more that 1 double bond
48
Amphipathic Lipids
one end is hydrophilic and the other end is hydrophobic
49
Phospholipid
lipids in which 2 fatty acids and a phosphorus-containing group are attached to glycerol; major components of cell membranes
50
Carotenoids
a group of yellow to orange plant pigments synthesized from isoprene subunits; include carotenes and xanthophylls
51
Retinal
visual pigment derived from vitamin A; present in eyes of insects, mollusks, and vertebrates
52
Steroid
complex molecules containing carbon atoms arranged in 4 attached rings, 3 of which contain 6 carbon atoms each and the 4th of which contains 5
53
Proteins
a large, complex organic compound composed of covalently linked amino acid subunits; contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfer
54
Enzymes
an organic catalyst (protein) that accelerates a specific chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction
55
Amino Acids
an organic compound containing an amino group and a carboxyl group; may be joined; may be joined by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain
56
Alpha Carbon
asymmetrical carbon in an amino acid to which an amino group, a carboxyl group, a side chain, and a hydrogen are covalently bonded
57
Essential Amino Acid
an amino acid that must be provided in the diet because the body cannot make it or cannot make it in sufficient quantities to meet nutritional needs
58
Peptide Bond
a distinctive covalent carbon-to-carbon nitrogen bond that links amino acids
59
Dipeptide
when 2 amino acids combine
60
Polypeptide
a long chain of amino acids
61
Primary Structure
the sequence of amino acids, joined by peptide bons
62
Secondary Structure
a regular geometric shape produced by hydrogen bonding between the atoms of the uniform polypeptide backbone
63
Alpha Helix
a regular, coiled type of secondary structure of a polypeptide chain, maintained by hydrogen bonds
64
B-Pleated Sheets
a regular, folded, sheet like type of protein secondary structure, resulting from hydrogen bonding between 2 different polypeptide chains or 2 region of the same polypeptide chain
65
Tertiary Structure
the overall 3-dimensional shape of a polypeptide that is determined by interactions involving the amino acid side chains
66
Quaternary Structure
the overall conformation of a protein produced by the interaction of 2 or more polypeptide chains
67
Molecular Chaperones
proteins that help other proteins fold properly. Although chaperones do not dictate the folding pattern, they make the process more efficient
68
Domain
structural and functional region of a protein
69
Phosphodiester Linkages
covalent linkage between 2 nucleotides in a strand of DNA or RNA; includes a phosphate group bonded to the sugars of 2 adjacent nucleotides

Cell and Molec (6 decks)

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