Chapter 6: Training and Development

Question 1

What are the strategic functions of training and development?

Answer 1

1. building competencies
2. further developing competencies
3. consolidating competencies

Question 2

What are the core principles of workplace instruction by Kraiger and Ford?

Answer 2

1. Organise content - coherence, contiguity
2. Optimize sequencing of material - scaffolding, adaptive difficulty, interleaving
3. Engage learner in own learning - generative effects, prompts/metacognition, retrieval
4. Conduct effective practice - variability of practice, spaced practice, identical elements
5. Develop past initial mastery - knowledge of results, feedback and feedforward, retrieval

Question 3

What are the types of learning according to Decius?

Answer 3

Formal learning - structured training and courses, content and curriculum predefined and the goals are set

Informal learning - low planning, low support and objectives

Self-regulated learning - active, constructive process in which the learning person sets the goals self regulates their time and has motivation

Question 4

Name the 3 phases of the training and developmental process.

Answer 4

Phase 1: Identification of training and development needs
3 levels of analysis: 1. Organizational - job plan, demographic analysis, turnover statistics
2. Job - job description, interviews, observation
3. Person - performance data, workshops

Phase 2: Composition and Design of the training and development program
On-Site training - on-the-job training, apprenticeship, coaching, computer-based
Off-Site training - lectures, conferences, programmed instructions

Phase 3: Evaluation of the training and development program
Kirkpatrick’s model: 1. Reaction - evaluation and satisfaction level of the individual
2. Learning - degree to which the participant seeks new knowledge
3. Behavior - degree to which the new knowledge is applied on the job
4. Results - degree to which performance outcomes can be attributed to learning