Chapter 6 The Skeletal System: Bone Tissue

Question 1

The adult human skeleton has how many bones

Answer 1

206

Question 2

What are the two division the human bones are divided into

Answer 2

Axial skeleton
appendicular skeleton

Question 3

What is included in the axial skeleton

Answer 3

Skull
vertebrae
sternum
ribs

Question 4

What is included in the appendicular skeleton

Answer 4

girdles
shoulder
pelvic
limbs

Question 5

Each individual bone is an ________

Answer 5

organ (consists of all for tissue types working together)

Question 6

What are the functions of bones

Answer 6

Provides support and anchorage point for soft body tissues
Protects vital organs
Act as levelers when muscles contract to move body
stores mineral salts calcium and phosphates
produces red blood cells in red bone marrow
Stores fat in yellow bone marrow ( triglycerides, energy storage)

Question 7

What type of tissue is bone

Answer 7

connective

Question 8

What are the two types of bones

Answer 8

compact
spongy

Question 9

Long bones are _________ ________ for strength

Answer 9

slightly curved

Question 10

What does a long bone connsist of

Answer 10

a shaft (diaphysis)
2 expanded ends (epiphysis)

Question 11

What is between the epiphysis and diaphysis

Answer 11

metaphysis

Question 12

What does the metaphysis contain

Answer 12

the epiphyseal plate or growth plate in a growing bone

Question 13

What is the periosteum

Answer 13

tough CT layer that covers the diaphysis

Question 14

What covers the articular surfaces

Answer 14

hyaline cartilage

Question 15

What is the function of the hyaline cartilage

Answer 15

reduce friction
shock absorption
lubricates joints

Question 16

Where is compact bone found

Answer 16

outer edges of shaft and epiphysis

Question 17

Where is spongy bone found

Answer 17

inside the epiphysis

Question 18

Where is the marrow medullary cavity

Answer 18

in the hollow shaft

Question 19

what does the epiphysis contain

Answer 19

red bone marrow

Question 20

what does the diaphysis contain

Answer 20

yellow bone marrow

Question 21

What lines the marrow cavity

Answer 21

Endosteum

Question 22

What surrounds the widely separated cells of bone tissue. what is it composed of

Answer 22

extracellular matrix: ground substance and fibers

Question 23

2/3 of the bone is _____________

Answer 23

inorgancic matter (crystalized salts)

Question 24

What quality does inorganic or crystalized salts provide for the bone

Answer 24

quality of hardness

Question 25

1/3 of the bone is __________

Answer 25

organic matter (collagen fiber)

Question 26

What quality does organic matter or collagen provide the bone

Answer 26

the quality of flexibility and tensile strength

Question 27

What are the four types of cells found in bone tissue

Answer 27

Osteoprogenitor Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts

Question 28

What are osteropregenitor cells and where are they found

Answer 28

Mitotic stem cells found in the endosteum and periosteum

Question 29

where do osteoprogenitor cells originate from

Answer 29

mesenchyme

Question 30

what is mesenchyme and when is it found

Answer 30

Embryonic tissue from which all other connective tissues arise found during embryonic development

Question 31

What are osteoblasts

Answer 31

Bone building cells that produce the matrix components very active actively produces matrix

Question 32

what are osteocytes

Answer 32

mature bone cells trapped in the matrix, maintains matrix

Question 33

What are osteoclasts

Answer 33

cells that break down bone

Question 34

Where are osteoclasts found

Answer 34

in the endosteum

Question 35

What is the process of breaking down bone tissues called

Answer 35

Bone resorption

Question 36

what is bone resorption

Answer 36

the process of breaking down bone tissues to be replaced by new bone tissue

Question 37

What are the two different types of bone determined by

Answer 37

distribution and size of the spaces within bone tissue

Question 38

characteristics of the compact bone

Answer 38

strongest provides protection and support

Question 39

What is the compact bone arranged into

Answer 39

structural units called osteons or haversian systems

Question 40

What are lamellae

Answer 40

layers (rings) of matrix in the osteon

Question 41

what do lamellae encircle

Answer 41

haversian central canal

Question 42

What join adjacent osteons

Answer 42

Volkmann perforating canals

Question 43

What do volkmann perforating canals do

Answer 43

run horizontally through bone, joining adjacent osteons

Question 44

what are lacunae

Answer 44

little pockets between lamellae

Question 45

what do lacunae contain

Answer 45

osteocytes

Question 46

Where do osteocytes extend cytoplasmic processes into

Answer 46

canaliculi

Question 47

What do canaliculi do

Answer 47

connect lacunae to eachother and to the central canal tunnels that allow for exchange of nutrients and blood supply

Question 48

What are between osteons

Answer 48

interstitial lamellae

Question 49

what are interstitial lamellae

Answer 49

remnants of old osteons

Question 50

purpose of interstitial lamella

Answer 50

structural support fills gaps

Question 51

WHat follows outline of bone

Answer 51

Outer and inner circumferential lamellae

Question 52

Do spongy bone contain osteons

Answer 52

no

Question 53

How are lamellae arranged in spongy bone

Answer 53

lamellae are arranged in thin columns of bone called trabeculae

Question 54

What does the lamellae in trabeculae contain

Answer 54

osteocytes in lacunae and canaliculi

Question 55

What is in between trabeculae

Answer 55

red bone marrow

Question 56

How are trabeculae arranged and why

Answer 56

arranged in various directions to resist stress

Question 57

Bone is richly supplied with blood true or false

Answer 57

TRUTH

Question 58

In a long bone where does the nutrient artery enter and branch out into

Answer 58

enters the compact bone near the middle of the shaft and branches in the marrow cavity

Question 59

Where do other arteries enter and branch into

Answer 59

enters the ends of the bones and branch to the marriw and bony tissues

Question 60

What do the periosteal arteries supply

Answer 60

supplies the periosteum and outer part of the compact bone

Question 61

Order of intramembranous ossification

Answer 61

Ossification centre forms Calcification occurs Trabeulae Form Periosteum develops

Question 62

Order of endochondrial ossification

Answer 62

Cartilage model is made cartilage model grows primary ossification centre develops medullary cavity is formed second ossification centre cartilage remnants

Question 63

another name for ossification

Answer 63

ostogenesis

Question 64

What is interstitial growth

Answer 64

grows in length

Question 65

what is appositional growth

Answer 65

grows in thickness

Question 66

Bone continues to grow in diamete by _______

Answer 66

appositional growth

Question 67

What results in the bone growing outward

Answer 67

Cells in the periosteum develop into osteoblasts which makes the matrix and osteoclasts increase the size of the marrow cavity

Question 68

What are the benefits of bone remodeling

Answer 68

repairing fractures bone can become thicker to withstand heavier weight shape of bone can be changed to withstand stress new bone is bone resilient better protection from injury

Question 69

bone is the body's major _________ reservoir

Answer 69

calcium

Question 70

Calcium in our blood must be kept in a narrow range of

Answer 70

9-11 mg or 100 ml

Question 71

what percent of calcium is stored in bone tissue

Answer 71

99%

Question 72

What are the two hormones thats control how much calcium is in our blood

Answer 72

calcitonin parathyroid hormone

Question 73

What does calcitonin do when calcium increases

Answer 73

calcitonin acts to decrease calcium so when calcium increases calcitonin increases

Question 74

What does calcitonin do to decrease the calcium in blood

Answer 74

Inhibits bone resorption Increase activity of osteoblast

Question 75

When is parathyroid hormone needed

Answer 75

when there is not enough calcium

Question 76

What happens to PTH when calcium decreases

Answer 76

increases

Question 77

What does PTH do to increase calcium levels

Answer 77

Increase osteoclasts activity