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A&P > Chapter 6 The Skeletal System: Bone Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 6 The Skeletal System: Bone Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

The adult human skeleton has how many bones

A

206

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2
Q

What are the two division the human bones are divided into

A

Axial skeleton
appendicular skeleton

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3
Q

What is included in the axial skeleton

A

Skull
vertebrae
sternum
ribs

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4
Q

What is included in the appendicular skeleton

A

girdles
shoulder
pelvic
limbs

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5
Q

Each individual bone is an ________

A

organ (consists of all for tissue types working together)

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6
Q

What are the functions of bones

A

Provides support and anchorage point for soft body tissues
Protects vital organs
Act as levelers when muscles contract to move body
stores mineral salts calcium and phosphates
produces red blood cells in red bone marrow
Stores fat in yellow bone marrow ( triglycerides, energy storage)

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7
Q

What type of tissue is bone

A

connective

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8
Q

What are the two types of bones

A

compact
spongy

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9
Q

Long bones are _________ ________ for strength

A

slightly curved

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10
Q

What does a long bone connsist of

A

a shaft (diaphysis)
2 expanded ends (epiphysis)

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11
Q

What is between the epiphysis and diaphysis

A

metaphysis

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12
Q

What does the metaphysis contain

A

the epiphyseal plate or growth plate in a growing bone

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13
Q

What is the periosteum

A

tough CT layer that covers the diaphysis

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14
Q

What covers the articular surfaces

A

hyaline cartilage

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15
Q

What is the function of the hyaline cartilage

A

reduce friction
shock absorption
lubricates joints

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16
Q

Where is compact bone found

A

outer edges of shaft and epiphysis

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17
Q

Where is spongy bone found

A

inside the epiphysis

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18
Q

Where is the marrow medullary cavity

A

in the hollow shaft

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19
Q

what does the epiphysis contain

A

red bone marrow

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20
Q

what does the diaphysis contain

A

yellow bone marrow

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21
Q

What lines the marrow cavity

A

Endosteum

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22
Q

What surrounds the widely separated cells of bone tissue. what is it composed of

A

extracellular matrix: ground substance and fibers

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23
Q

2/3 of the bone is _____________

A

inorgancic matter (crystalized salts)

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24
Q

What quality does inorganic or crystalized salts provide for the bone

A

quality of hardness

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25
Q

1/3 of the bone is __________

A

organic matter (collagen fiber)

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26
Q

What quality does organic matter or collagen provide the bone

A

the quality of flexibility and tensile strength

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27
Q

What are the four types of cells found in bone tissue

A

Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

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28
Q

What are osteropregenitor cells and where are they found

A

Mitotic stem cells found in the endosteum and periosteum

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29
Q

where do osteoprogenitor cells originate from

A

mesenchyme

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30
Q

what is mesenchyme and when is it found

A

Embryonic tissue from which all other connective tissues arise
found during embryonic development

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31
Q

What are osteoblasts

A

Bone building cells that produce the matrix components
very active
actively produces matrix

32
Q

what are osteocytes

A

mature bone cells trapped in the matrix, maintains matrix

33
Q

What are osteoclasts

A

cells that break down bone

34
Q

Where are osteoclasts found

A

in the endosteum

35
Q

What is the process of breaking down bone tissues called

A

Bone resorption

36
Q

what is bone resorption

A

the process of breaking down bone tissues to be replaced by new bone tissue

37
Q

What are the two different types of bone determined by

A

distribution and size of the spaces within bone tissue

38
Q

characteristics of the compact bone

A

strongest
provides protection and support

39
Q

What is the compact bone arranged into

A

structural units called osteons or haversian systems

40
Q

What are lamellae

A

layers (rings) of matrix in the osteon

41
Q

what do lamellae encircle

A

haversian central canal

42
Q

What join adjacent osteons

A

Volkmann perforating canals

43
Q

What do volkmann perforating canals do

A

run horizontally through bone, joining adjacent osteons

44
Q

what are lacunae

A

little pockets between lamellae

45
Q

what do lacunae contain

A

osteocytes

46
Q

Where do osteocytes extend cytoplasmic processes into

A

canaliculi

47
Q

What do canaliculi do

A

connect lacunae to eachother and to the central canal
tunnels that allow for exchange of nutrients and blood supply

48
Q

What are between osteons

A

interstitial lamellae

49
Q

what are interstitial lamellae

A

remnants of old osteons

50
Q

purpose of interstitial lamella

A

structural support
fills gaps

51
Q

WHat follows outline of bone

A

Outer and inner circumferential lamellae

52
Q

Do spongy bone contain osteons

A

no

53
Q

How are lamellae arranged in spongy bone

A

lamellae are arranged in thin columns of bone called trabeculae

54
Q

What does the lamellae in trabeculae contain

A

osteocytes in lacunae and canaliculi

55
Q

What is in between trabeculae

A

red bone marrow

56
Q

How are trabeculae arranged and why

A

arranged in various directions to resist stress

57
Q

Bone is richly supplied with blood true or false

A

TRUTH

58
Q

In a long bone where does the nutrient artery enter and branch out into

A

enters the compact bone near the middle of the shaft and branches in the marrow cavity

59
Q

Where do other arteries enter and branch into

A

enters the ends of the bones and branch to the marriw and bony tissues

60
Q

What do the periosteal arteries supply

A

supplies the periosteum and outer part of the compact bone

61
Q

Order of intramembranous ossification

A

Ossification centre forms
Calcification occurs
Trabeulae Form
Periosteum develops

62
Q

Order of endochondrial ossification

A

Cartilage model is made
cartilage model grows
primary ossification centre develops
medullary cavity is formed
second ossification centre
cartilage remnants

63
Q

another name for ossification

A

ostogenesis

64
Q

What is interstitial growth

A

grows in length

65
Q

what is appositional growth

A

grows in thickness

66
Q

Bone continues to grow in diamete by _______

A

appositional growth

67
Q

What results in the bone growing outward

A

Cells in the periosteum develop into osteoblasts which makes the matrix and osteoclasts increase the size of the marrow cavity

68
Q

What are the benefits of bone remodeling

A

repairing fractures
bone can become thicker to withstand heavier weight
shape of bone can be changed to withstand stress
new bone is bone resilient better protection from injury

69
Q

bone is the body’s major _________ reservoir

A

calcium

70
Q

Calcium in our blood must be kept in a narrow range of

A

9-11 mg or 100 ml

71
Q

what percent of calcium is stored in bone tissue

A

99%

72
Q

What are the two hormones thats control how much calcium is in our blood

A

calcitonin
parathyroid hormone

73
Q

What does calcitonin do when calcium increases

A

calcitonin acts to decrease calcium so when calcium increases calcitonin increases

74
Q

What does calcitonin do to decrease the calcium in blood

A

Inhibits bone resorption
Increase activity of osteoblast

75
Q

When is parathyroid hormone needed

A

when there is not enough calcium

76
Q

What happens to PTH when calcium decreases

A

increases

77
Q

What does PTH do to increase calcium levels

A

Increase osteoclasts activity

A&P (6 decks)

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