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A&P > Chapter 14 The Brain and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Chapter 14 The Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four major regions of the brain

A

Cerebreal hemispheres
diencephalon
brain stem
cerebellum

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2
Q

diencaphalon includes

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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3
Q

brain stem includes

A

midbrain and pons

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4
Q

what are the parts of the cerebral hemisphere ( grey and white matter)

A

grey matter: cerebral cortex and deeper basal nuclei
white matter: underneath cerebral cortex and around basal nuclei

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5
Q

what separates left and right hemisphere

A

longitudinal fissure

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6
Q

what is the corpus callosum

A

base of the longitudinal fissure
thick bundle of fibers that connect the two hemisphere

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7
Q

what are gyri

A

folds or ridges

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8
Q

what are sulcus

A

shallow grooves lining on sides of ridges

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9
Q

what is fissure

A

deeper grooves, usually separating brain into regions

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10
Q

what are the 4lobes

A

parietal
frontal
temporal
occipital

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11
Q

wha is central sulcus

A

barrier between parietal and frontal lobe

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12
Q

where is precentral gyrus

A

before central sulcus near front of head

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13
Q

where is postcentral gyrus

A

after central sulcus near back of head

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14
Q

what does the parieto occipital sulcus do

A

separate parietal and occipital

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15
Q

where is the lateral central sulcus

A

between frontal and temporal

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16
Q

what is the 5th lobe

A

insula

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17
Q

what is the insula involved in

A

role in understanding spoken language

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18
Q

what are the 3 functional area of the cerebral cortex

A

sensory
motor
association

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19
Q

what functions do the association areas carry out

A

intergractive functions (memory, personality, judgement, emotions)

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20
Q

where are sensory areas located

A

posterior half of the hemisphere

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21
Q

what do sensory areas do

A

receive and interpret info from sensory receptors

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22
Q

where is the primary somatosensory area

A

postcentral gyrus

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23
Q

Primary somatosensory area receives input from

A

skin sesnsory receptors-touch, pain temp
muscle tendon ligamentsproprioceptors -body postition and movement

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24
Q

where is primary visual area

A

medial surface of occipital lobe

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25
Q

what does the primary visual area receive

A

impulses from retina via thalamus

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26
Q

where is the primary auditory area located

A

superior part of temporal lobe

27
Q

what does the primary auditory area do

A

interprets sound

28
Q

where is the primary gustatory (taste) area

A

base of postcentral gyrus

29
Q

where is the primary olfactory (smell) area

A

medial part of temporal lobe

30
Q

where are the motor areas

A

posterior part of the frontal lobe

31
Q

where is the primary motor area

A

precentral gyrus

32
Q

what does the primary motor area control

A

voluntary contractions of specific skeletal muscles

33
Q

where is brocas speech area

A

close to lateral sulcus usually left hemisphere

34
Q

what does broca’s speech area do

A

directs muscles of tongue, throat, and lips used in speech production

35
Q

what can damage of broca’s speech area result in

A

non fluent aphasia

36
Q

what is fluent aphasia

A

organized thoughts, inability to speak physically

37
Q

where are the association areas

A

widespread in all lobes

38
Q

where is the somatosensory association area and what does it receive input from

A

posterior to and
receives input from primary somatosensory area

39
Q

what does the somatosensory associaton area do

A

analyze, recognize, and act on senspry input in relation to past experiences it stores

40
Q

what does the visual auditory association area do

A

store memories of past visual and auditory experiences to help understand sights and sound

41
Q

where is the premotor area and what does it communicate with

A

anterior to and communicates with primary motor cortex

42
Q

what does the premotor area control

A

learned motor activities involving sequential muscle contractions

43
Q

what is highly developed in primates

A

prefrontal cortex

44
Q

where is the prefrontal cortex located

A

anterior frontal lobe

45
Q

what is the prefrontal cortex involved in

A

intellect,learning, recall, personality, judgement, mood
reasoning, planning for future, conscience

46
Q

where are the language areas

A

near lateral sulcus, left hemisphere

47
Q

what are the language areas involved in

A

recognition of spoken word and written language

48
Q

what does wernickes areas do

A

formulates what youre going to say and sends plan to brocas area
interprets meaning of words and converts words to thoughts

49
Q

what if wernickes area was damaged

A

fluent aphasia, speak fine but words come out in a noncoherent way

50
Q

what is functionally associated with the midbrain and diencephalon

A

basal nuclei

51
Q

what does the basal nuclei do

A
  • assist in the motor activity
  • help initiate and terminate body movements
  • inhibit antagosnistic & unneccessar movements
  • regulate muscle tone
52
Q

what does cerebral white matter consist of

A

myelinated axons bundled into large tracts to allow extensive communication within the brain

53
Q

what are the 3 types of tracts

A

association tracts
commissural tracts
projection tracts

54
Q

what are association tracts

A

axons connect gyri in the same hemisphere

55
Q

what are commisural tracts

A

axons connect corresponding gyri om opposite hemisphere

56
Q

what is an example of a commisural tract

A

corpus callosum

57
Q

what are projectionb tracts

A

axons run vertically to connect cerebrum ti the lower parts of the brain and spinal cord

58
Q

What does the thalamus do

A
  • acts as a major relay station to conduct sensory impulses to the primary sensory areas
  • transmits motor info from the cerebellum and basal nuclei to the primar motor area
  • plays a role in the maintenance of consciousness
59
Q

What does the hypothalamus do

A

regulates the pituitary gland via hormone called releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones

produces oxytocin and antidieuretic hormone

regulates body temperature, water balance, food intake

60
Q

what is homeostasis maintained by

A

pituitary gland

61
Q

what does ADH do

A

stimulate water reabsorption from kidneys into the blood, decreasing urine production

62
Q

what does oxytocin do

A

stimulates contraction of uterine wall

63
Q
A

A&P (6 decks)

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