Chapter 14 The Brain and Cranial Nerves

Question 1

What are the four major regions of the brain

Answer 1

Cerebreal hemispheres
diencephalon
brain stem
cerebellum

Question 2

diencaphalon includes

Answer 2

thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 3

brain stem includes

Answer 3

midbrain and pons

Question 4

what are the parts of the cerebral hemisphere ( grey and white matter)

Answer 4

grey matter: cerebral cortex and deeper basal nuclei
white matter: underneath cerebral cortex and around basal nuclei

Question 5

what separates left and right hemisphere

Answer 5

longitudinal fissure

Question 6

what is the corpus callosum

Answer 6

base of the longitudinal fissure
thick bundle of fibers that connect the two hemisphere

Question 7

what are gyri

Answer 7

folds or ridges

Question 8

what are sulcus

Answer 8

shallow grooves lining on sides of ridges

Question 9

what is fissure

Answer 9

deeper grooves, usually separating brain into regions

Question 10

what are the 4lobes

Answer 10

parietal
frontal
temporal
occipital

Question 11

wha is central sulcus

Answer 11

barrier between parietal and frontal lobe

Question 12

where is precentral gyrus

Answer 12

before central sulcus near front of head

Question 13

where is postcentral gyrus

Answer 13

after central sulcus near back of head

Question 14

what does the parieto occipital sulcus do

Answer 14

separate parietal and occipital

Question 15

where is the lateral central sulcus

Answer 15

between frontal and temporal

Question 16

what is the 5th lobe

Answer 16

insula

Question 17

what is the insula involved in

Answer 17

role in understanding spoken language

Question 18

what are the 3 functional area of the cerebral cortex

Answer 18

sensory
motor
association

Question 19

what functions do the association areas carry out

Answer 19

intergractive functions (memory, personality, judgement, emotions)

Question 20

where are sensory areas located

Answer 20

posterior half of the hemisphere

Question 21

what do sensory areas do

Answer 21

receive and interpret info from sensory receptors

Question 22

where is the primary somatosensory area

Answer 22

postcentral gyrus

Question 23

Primary somatosensory area receives input from

Answer 23

skin sesnsory receptors-touch, pain temp
muscle tendon ligamentsproprioceptors -body postition and movement

Question 24

where is primary visual area

Answer 24

medial surface of occipital lobe

Question 25

what does the primary visual area receive

Answer 25

impulses from retina via thalamus

Question 26

where is the primary auditory area located

Answer 26

superior part of temporal lobe

Question 27

what does the primary auditory area do

Answer 27

interprets sound

Question 28

where is the primary gustatory (taste) area

Answer 28

base of postcentral gyrus

Question 29

where is the primary olfactory (smell) area

Answer 29

medial part of temporal lobe

Question 30

where are the motor areas

Answer 30

posterior part of the frontal lobe

Question 31

where is the primary motor area

Answer 31

precentral gyrus

Question 32

what does the primary motor area control

Answer 32

voluntary contractions of specific skeletal muscles

Question 33

where is brocas speech area

Answer 33

close to lateral sulcus usually left hemisphere

Question 34

what does broca's speech area do

Answer 34

directs muscles of tongue, throat, and lips used in speech production

Question 35

what can damage of broca's speech area result in

Answer 35

non fluent aphasia

Question 36

what is fluent aphasia

Answer 36

organized thoughts, inability to speak physically

Question 37

where are the association areas

Answer 37

widespread in all lobes

Question 38

where is the somatosensory association area and what does it receive input from

Answer 38

posterior to and receives input from primary somatosensory area

Question 39

what does the somatosensory associaton area do

Answer 39

analyze, recognize, and act on senspry input in relation to past experiences it stores

Question 40

what does the visual auditory association area do

Answer 40

store memories of past visual and auditory experiences to help understand sights and sound

Question 41

where is the premotor area and what does it communicate with

Answer 41

anterior to and communicates with primary motor cortex

Question 42

what does the premotor area control

Answer 42

learned motor activities involving sequential muscle contractions

Question 43

what is highly developed in primates

Answer 43

prefrontal cortex

Question 44

where is the prefrontal cortex located

Answer 44

anterior frontal lobe

Question 45

what is the prefrontal cortex involved in

Answer 45

intellect,learning, recall, personality, judgement, mood reasoning, planning for future, conscience

Question 46

where are the language areas

Answer 46

near lateral sulcus, left hemisphere

Question 47

what are the language areas involved in

Answer 47

recognition of spoken word and written language

Question 48

what does wernickes areas do

Answer 48

formulates what youre going to say and sends plan to brocas area interprets meaning of words and converts words to thoughts

Question 49

what if wernickes area was damaged

Answer 49

fluent aphasia, speak fine but words come out in a noncoherent way

Question 50

what is functionally associated with the midbrain and diencephalon

Answer 50

basal nuclei

Question 51

what does the basal nuclei do

Answer 51

- assist in the motor activity - help initiate and terminate body movements - inhibit antagosnistic & unneccessar movements - regulate muscle tone

Question 52

what does cerebral white matter consist of

Answer 52

myelinated axons bundled into large tracts to allow extensive communication within the brain

Question 53

what are the 3 types of tracts

Answer 53

association tracts commissural tracts projection tracts

Question 54

what are association tracts

Answer 54

axons connect gyri in the same hemisphere

Question 55

what are commisural tracts

Answer 55

axons connect corresponding gyri om opposite hemisphere

Question 56

what is an example of a commisural tract

Answer 56

corpus callosum

Question 57

what are projectionb tracts

Answer 57

axons run vertically to connect cerebrum ti the lower parts of the brain and spinal cord

Question 58

What does the thalamus do

Answer 58

- acts as a major relay station to conduct sensory impulses to the primary sensory areas - transmits motor info from the cerebellum and basal nuclei to the primar motor area - plays a role in the maintenance of consciousness

Question 59

What does the hypothalamus do

Answer 59

regulates the pituitary gland via hormone called releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones produces oxytocin and antidieuretic hormone regulates body temperature, water balance, food intake

Question 60

what is homeostasis maintained by

Answer 60

pituitary gland

Question 61

what does ADH do

Answer 61

stimulate water reabsorption from kidneys into the blood, decreasing urine production

Question 62

what does oxytocin do

Answer 62

stimulates contraction of uterine wall