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A&P > Chapter 12 Nevous Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Nevous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system responsible for

A

behaviours, meomories, and movements

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2
Q

Th nervous system helps to maintain what

A

homeostasis

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3
Q

What are the 3 basic functions of the nervoud system

A

sensory
integrative
motor

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4
Q

What is sensory function

A

sensory input from receptors detecting changes inside and outside the body

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5
Q

what does afferent mean

A

bringing info into central nervous system

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6
Q

what are sensory pathways equal to

A

afferent pathways

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7
Q

what is integrative function

A

sensory input is interpreted and & coordinated with ana appropriate motor response

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8
Q

where does integrative function occur

A

in the brain

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9
Q

What does the integrative function give

A

perception- consious awareness of stimuli in environment

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10
Q

What is motor function

A

motor output to an effector such as muscle or glands

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11
Q

What does efferent mean

A

bringing infro out of the CNS into the rest of the body to effector organs

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12
Q

What are motor pathways equal to

A

efferent pathways

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13
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the nervous system

A

Central nervous system

peripheral nervous system

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14
Q

What is in the CNS

A

brain
spinal cord

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15
Q

What is included in the PNS

A

Cranial and spinal nerves
ganglia
sensory receptors

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16
Q

What can the PNS be divided into

A

Sensory division
Motor division

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17
Q

What does the sensory division do

A

bring info from sesory receptors through body to brain

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18
Q

what does the sensory division carry

A

somatic sensory info (touch temp pain proprioception)
special senses (taste hear smell vision equilibrium)

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19
Q

What does the motor division do

A

Motor neurons conduct impulses from CNS to effectors

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20
Q

What can the Motor division be further divided into

A

Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous SystemW

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21
Q

what is the somatic nervous system

A

Motor neurons conduct impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles

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22
Q

Is the somatic nervous system under voluntary or involuntary control

A

under voluntary control

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23
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system

A

motor neurons conduct impulses from CNS to smooth and cardiac muscles and glands

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24
Q

Is the autonomic nervous ystem under voluntary or involuntary control

A

involuntary control

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25
Q

What can the autonomic nervous system be further divided into

A

Sympathetic
parasympathetic

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26
Q

What is sympathetic

A

fight or flight
-increase heart rate decrease digestion

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27
Q

What is parasympathetic

A

rest and digest
-increase digestion decrease heart rate

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28
Q

What are the two basic cell types of nervous tissue

A

neurons
neuroglia

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29
Q

What are neurons

A

functional units of the nervous system

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30
Q

are neurons able to undergo mitosis

A

most are not able to go through mitosis

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31
Q

what do neurons require

A

an abundant amount of glucose and O2

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32
Q

What are the properties of neurons

A

irritability ( sensitive and responsive)
conductivity ( can move impulses)
Generate and propagate nerve impulses

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33
Q

What are neuroglia

A

supportive and protective cells that help neurons

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34
Q

Compare neuroglia to neurons

A

smaller
more
stil capable of mitosis

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35
Q

What are the 6 types of neuroglia

A

In CNS:
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells

In the PNS:
schwann cells
satellite cells

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36
Q

which neuroglia cells are most largest and numerous

A

astrocytes

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37
Q

what do astrocytes do

A

maintain the chemical environment around neurons

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38
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do

A

wrap parts of themself around neuron to help speed up conduction of nerve impulse

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39
Q

what do oligodendrocytes form

A

myelin sheath

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40
Q

what do microglial cells do

A

engulfs invading microbes or debris

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41
Q

What do ependymal cells do

A

produces and circulates cerebrospinal fluid

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42
Q

What do schwann cells do

A

wrap around parts of neuron and creates myelin sheath

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43
Q

What do satellite cells do

A

structural support
mediates exchange between cell body and external environment

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44
Q

what do satellite cells act as

A

an extra layer on top of cell body

45
Q

What are the parts of a neuron

A

cell body (soma)
cendrites
axons

46
Q

What is in the cell body

A

nucleus
organelles
nissl bodies
neurofibrils

47
Q

what are nissl bodies

A

clusters of RER and ribosomes

48
Q

what are neurofibrils

A

protein filaments or bundles that help with cell structure and moving things within the cell

49
Q

What are dendrites

A

receiving processes that carry information towards the cell body

50
Q

what is the axon

A

process that carries info away from the cell body

51
Q

what does the axon divide into

A

axon terminals

52
Q

What are the different types of neurons

A

Multipolar neuron
unipolar neuron
bipolar neuron

53
Q

What are multipolar neurons like

A

many processes
many dendrites and 1 axon

54
Q

What are bipolar neurons like

A

2 processes
1 main dendrite and 1 axon

55
Q

What are unipolar neurons like

A

1 process
many dendrites and 1 axon

56
Q

What does a myelinated axon in the PNS look like

A

wrapped by schwann cells

57
Q

what does a myelinated axon in the CNS look like

A

wrapped by oligodendrocyte

58
Q

oligodendrocyes have ________

A

many processes that wrap around many axons, had multiple arms and extensions

59
Q

What do unmyelinated axons look like

A

are surrounded by a thin schwann cell membrane

60
Q

WHat does grey matter consist of

A

neuron cell bodies
dendrites
unmyelinated axons
axon terminals
neuroglia

61
Q

What does white matter consist of

A

axons, mainly myelinated axons
MYELIN SHEATH MAKES WHITE COLOUR

62
Q

what is nucleus

A

cluster of neuron cell bodies in the CNS

63
Q

what is ganglion

A

cluster of neuron cell bodies in the PNS

64
Q

what is a tract

A

bundle of neuron processes in the CNS

65
Q

what is a nerve

A

bundle of neuron processes in the PNS

66
Q

neurons are ___________ ______________ ______

A

electrically excitable cells

67
Q

Why are neurons electrically exitable cells

A

they have ion channels and a resting membrane potential

68
Q

what is a membrane potential

A

difference in charge on either side of the membrane

69
Q

Which way do ions travel

A

travel from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

travel from areas that are charged to areas oppositely charged

70
Q

What are the 4 kinds of channels

A

leakage channels
ligand gated channels
mechanically gated channels
voltage gated channels

71
Q

How do leakage channels operate

A

gates randomly open and close

72
Q

how do ligand gated channels operate

A

opens and clsoe in response to a certain chemical (binds to something)

73
Q

how do mechanically gated channels operate

A

open or close in response to a mechanical stimulus (vibration, touch , pressure, stretch)

74
Q

how do voltage gated channels operate

A

open in response to a change on membrane potential

75
Q

what is depolarization

A

bringing it closer to 0 and reversing it to positive

76
Q

what is repolarization

A

bringing it back to how it was ( -70 mV)

77
Q

An AP occurs in response to what

A

a threshold stimulus

78
Q

What is a threshold stimulus

A

stimulus that will depolarize the membrance (making it more positive)

79
Q

what is the threshold

A

basically the trigger point for a nerve impulse to occue (-55mV)

80
Q

What are the two types of refractory periods

A

absolute RP
Relative RP

81
Q

what is absolute RP

A

timeframe which no other AP is possible

82
Q

what is relative RP

A

able to generate an AP but requires a stronger stimulus

83
Q

When is the absolute RP

A

once the threshold is met until it is back at -70mV

84
Q

When is the Relative RP

A

from the end of repolarization to the end of hyperpolarization

85
Q

what are the two types of propagation

A

conintuous conduction
saltatory conduction

86
Q

What kind of process is continous conduction and where does it occur

A

its a slow process
occurs along unmyelinated axons

87
Q

what kind of process is saltatory conduction and where does it occur

A

a faster process
occurs at myelinated axons

88
Q

why is saltatory faster

A

AP jumps from node to node

89
Q

where does depolarization take place in saltatory

A

only at nodes

90
Q

What does the number of impulses per second increase with

A

increases with instensity of stimulus

91
Q

what does speed of conduction increase with

A

increases with axon diameter

92
Q

a synapse is a junction between what

A

2 neurons
or
a neuron and its effector

93
Q

a synapse between 2 neurons can be what

A

axodendrtitic
axosomatic
axoaxonic

94
Q

what is axodendritic

A

axon is interacting with dendrites

95
Q

what is axosomatic

A

axon is interaction with cell body

96
Q

what is axoaxonic

A

axon is interacting with another axon

97
Q

what is an example of a neuron and its effector synapse

A

neuromuscular junction

98
Q

what is present at a neuron neuron synapse

A

the first neuron is called the presynaptic neuron and second is postsynaptic neuron

99
Q

what are the presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron separated by

A

synaptic cleft

100
Q

a synapse is ____________

A

unidirectional

101
Q

What are the ion distributions of the resting state restored by

A

the Na/K pump ( works to get sodium out and potassium in)

102
Q

what is a refractory period

A

time period which an action potential cannot be generated

103
Q

what is the purpose of a refractory period

A

ensures each nerve impulse is a separate entity
ensures nerve impulses travel in one direction

104
Q

How can a neurotransmitter be removed from a synapse

A

breakdown by enzymes in synaptic cleft
reuptake by presynaptic neuron
uptake into close neuroglia cells
diffusion away from cleft

105
Q

why is the removal of a neurotransmitter important

A

Because neurotransmitters cause sodium channels to open
by allowing the sodium channels to close , the membrane potential is able to reset for the next action potential

106
Q

Typically what happens in the CNS when a postsynaptic neuron receives input from thousands of synapses

A

the response of postsynaptic neuron will be the sum of all these inputs

107
Q

what is divergence

A

presynaptic neuron branching many times to synapse with many postsynaptic neurons

108
Q

what is convergence

A

presynaptic neuron endings synapsing wuth a single postsynaptic neuron

109
Q

sodium channels opening is what kind of system

A

positive feedback system

A&P (6 decks)

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