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A&P > Chapter 12 Nevous Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Nevous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system responsible for

A

behaviours, meomories, and movements

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2
Q

Th nervous system helps to maintain what

A

homeostasis

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3
Q

What are the 3 basic functions of the nervoud system

A

sensory
integrative
motor

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4
Q

What is sensory function

A

sensory input from receptors detecting changes inside and outside the body

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5
Q

what does afferent mean

A

bringing info into central nervous system

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6
Q

what are sensory pathways equal to

A

afferent pathways

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7
Q

what is integrative function

A

sensory input is interpreted and & coordinated with ana appropriate motor response

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8
Q

where does integrative function occur

A

in the brain

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9
Q

What does the integrative function give

A

perception- consious awareness of stimuli in environment

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10
Q

What is motor function

A

motor output to an effector such as muscle or glands

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11
Q

What does efferent mean

A

bringing infro out of the CNS into the rest of the body to effector organs

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12
Q

What are motor pathways equal to

A

efferent pathways

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13
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the nervous system

A

Central nervous system

peripheral nervous system

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14
Q

What is in the CNS

A

brain
spinal cord

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15
Q

What is included in the PNS

A

Cranial and spinal nerves
ganglia
sensory receptors

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16
Q

What can the PNS be divided into

A

Sensory division
Motor division

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17
Q

What does the sensory division do

A

bring info from sesory receptors through body to brain

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18
Q

what does the sensory division carry

A

somatic sensory info (touch temp pain proprioception)
special senses (taste hear smell vision equilibrium)

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19
Q

What does the motor division do

A

Motor neurons conduct impulses from CNS to effectors

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20
Q

What can the Motor division be further divided into

A

Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous SystemW

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21
Q

what is the somatic nervous system

A

Motor neurons conduct impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles

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22
Q

Is the somatic nervous system under voluntary or involuntary control

A

under voluntary control

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23
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system

A

motor neurons conduct impulses from CNS to smooth and cardiac muscles and glands

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24
Q

Is the autonomic nervous ystem under voluntary or involuntary control

A

involuntary control

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25
What can the autonomic nervous system be further divided into
Sympathetic parasympathetic
26
What is sympathetic
fight or flight -increase heart rate decrease digestion
27
What is parasympathetic
rest and digest -increase digestion decrease heart rate
28
What are the two basic cell types of nervous tissue
neurons neuroglia
29
What are neurons
functional units of the nervous system
30
are neurons able to undergo mitosis
most are not able to go through mitosis
31
what do neurons require
an abundant amount of glucose and O2
32
What are the properties of neurons
irritability ( sensitive and responsive) conductivity ( can move impulses) Generate and propagate nerve impulses
33
What are neuroglia
supportive and protective cells that help neurons
34
Compare neuroglia to neurons
smaller more stil capable of mitosis
35
What are the 6 types of neuroglia
In CNS: astrocytes oligodendrocytes microglia ependymal cells In the PNS: schwann cells satellite cells
36
which neuroglia cells are most largest and numerous
astrocytes
37
what do astrocytes do
maintain the chemical environment around neurons
38
What do oligodendrocytes do
wrap parts of themself around neuron to help speed up conduction of nerve impulse
39
what do oligodendrocytes form
myelin sheath
40
what do microglial cells do
engulfs invading microbes or debris
41
What do ependymal cells do
produces and circulates cerebrospinal fluid
42
What do schwann cells do
wrap around parts of neuron and creates myelin sheath
43
What do satellite cells do
structural support mediates exchange between cell body and external environment
44
what do satellite cells act as
an extra layer on top of cell body
45
What are the parts of a neuron
cell body (soma) cendrites axons
46
What is in the cell body
nucleus organelles nissl bodies neurofibrils
47
what are nissl bodies
clusters of RER and ribosomes
48
what are neurofibrils
protein filaments or bundles that help with cell structure and moving things within the cell
49
What are dendrites
receiving processes that carry information towards the cell body
50
what is the axon
process that carries info away from the cell body
51
what does the axon divide into
axon terminals
52
What are the different types of neurons
Multipolar neuron unipolar neuron bipolar neuron
53
What are multipolar neurons like
many processes many dendrites and 1 axon
54
What are bipolar neurons like
2 processes 1 main dendrite and 1 axon
55
What are unipolar neurons like
1 process many dendrites and 1 axon
56
What does a myelinated axon in the PNS look like
wrapped by schwann cells
57
what does a myelinated axon in the CNS look like
wrapped by oligodendrocyte
58
oligodendrocyes have ________
many processes that wrap around many axons, had multiple arms and extensions
59
What do unmyelinated axons look like
are surrounded by a thin schwann cell membrane
60
WHat does grey matter consist of
neuron cell bodies dendrites unmyelinated axons axon terminals neuroglia
61
What does white matter consist of
axons, mainly myelinated axons MYELIN SHEATH MAKES WHITE COLOUR
62
what is nucleus
cluster of neuron cell bodies in the CNS
63
what is ganglion
cluster of neuron cell bodies in the PNS
64
what is a tract
bundle of neuron processes in the CNS
65
what is a nerve
bundle of neuron processes in the PNS
66
neurons are ___________ ______________ ______
electrically excitable cells
67
Why are neurons electrically exitable cells
they have ion channels and a resting membrane potential
68
what is a membrane potential
difference in charge on either side of the membrane
69
Which way do ions travel
travel from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration travel from areas that are charged to areas oppositely charged
70
What are the 4 kinds of channels
leakage channels ligand gated channels mechanically gated channels voltage gated channels
71
How do leakage channels operate
gates randomly open and close
72
how do ligand gated channels operate
opens and clsoe in response to a certain chemical (binds to something)
73
how do mechanically gated channels operate
open or close in response to a mechanical stimulus (vibration, touch , pressure, stretch)
74
how do voltage gated channels operate
open in response to a change on membrane potential
75
what is depolarization
bringing it closer to 0 and reversing it to positive
76
what is repolarization
bringing it back to how it was ( -70 mV)
77
An AP occurs in response to what
a threshold stimulus
78
What is a threshold stimulus
stimulus that will depolarize the membrance (making it more positive)
79
what is the threshold
basically the trigger point for a nerve impulse to occue (-55mV)
80
What are the two types of refractory periods
absolute RP Relative RP
81
what is absolute RP
timeframe which no other AP is possible
82
what is relative RP
able to generate an AP but requires a stronger stimulus
83
When is the absolute RP
once the threshold is met until it is back at -70mV
84
When is the Relative RP
from the end of repolarization to the end of hyperpolarization
85
what are the two types of propagation
conintuous conduction saltatory conduction
86
What kind of process is continous conduction and where does it occur
its a slow process occurs along unmyelinated axons
87
what kind of process is saltatory conduction and where does it occur
a faster process occurs at myelinated axons
88
why is saltatory faster
AP jumps from node to node
89
where does depolarization take place in saltatory
only at nodes
90
What does the number of impulses per second increase with
increases with instensity of stimulus
91
what does speed of conduction increase with
increases with axon diameter
92
a synapse is a junction between what
2 neurons or a neuron and its effector
93
a synapse between 2 neurons can be what
axodendrtitic axosomatic axoaxonic
94
what is axodendritic
axon is interacting with dendrites
95
what is axosomatic
axon is interaction with cell body
96
what is axoaxonic
axon is interacting with another axon
97
what is an example of a neuron and its effector synapse
neuromuscular junction
98
what is present at a neuron neuron synapse
the first neuron is called the presynaptic neuron and second is postsynaptic neuron
99
what are the presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron separated by
synaptic cleft
100
a synapse is ____________
unidirectional
101
What are the ion distributions of the resting state restored by
the Na/K pump ( works to get sodium out and potassium in)
102
what is a refractory period
time period which an action potential cannot be generated
103
what is the purpose of a refractory period
ensures each nerve impulse is a separate entity ensures nerve impulses travel in one direction
104
How can a neurotransmitter be removed from a synapse
breakdown by enzymes in synaptic cleft reuptake by presynaptic neuron uptake into close neuroglia cells diffusion away from cleft
105
why is the removal of a neurotransmitter important
Because neurotransmitters cause sodium channels to open by allowing the sodium channels to close , the membrane potential is able to reset for the next action potential
106
Typically what happens in the CNS when a postsynaptic neuron receives input from thousands of synapses
the response of postsynaptic neuron will be the sum of all these inputs
107
what is divergence
presynaptic neuron branching many times to synapse with many postsynaptic neurons
108
what is convergence
presynaptic neuron endings synapsing wuth a single postsynaptic neuron
109
sodium channels opening is what kind of system
positive feedback system

A&P (6 decks)

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