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Chapter 5 Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system

A

1) Protects
2)Receptor for sensory input
3)Regulates body temp
4) secretes wastes
5) synthesizes vitamin D from cholesterol molecules under action of sunlight

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2
Q

What does the integumentary system protect against

A

dehydration
impact and friction injuries
mold and bacterial
UV light damage

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3
Q

Why is vitamin D necessary

A

necessary to increase calcium absorption which is needed in muscle contraction and nerve impulse conduction

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4
Q

What are the two layers of skin

A

Outer thinner- epidermis
inner thicker- dermis

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5
Q

Which skin layer is vascularized

A

the dermis

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6
Q

What does the subcutaneous layer do and what is it also known as

A

helps anchor skin to underlying tissue nerves and blood vessels also called the hypodermis

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7
Q

is the subcutaneous layer considered part of the skin

A

no

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8
Q

where is the subcutaneous layer located

A

under the dermis

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9
Q

What is the epidermis composed of

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium ; thick layer of dead cells that contain protective protein : keratin

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10
Q

What are basal cells

A

bottom layer of epidermis continuously undergoing mitosis, therefore cells on top get pushed up by new skin cell and skin gets renewed

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11
Q

What are the 4 major types of cells in the epidermis

A

Keratinocytes
melanocytes
Langerhans cells or dendritic
Merkel cells or tactile cells

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12
Q

what do keratinocytes produce

A

keratin ( fibrous protein)

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13
Q

What do keratinocytes protect the skin from

A

Protect skin from heat microbes and chemicals

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of the surface cells of the epidermis

A

they are dead and only contain keratin

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15
Q

keratinocyte cells are what percent of the cells in the epidermal

A

90

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16
Q

What do keratinocytes produce other than keratin

A

Lamellar granules

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17
Q

What produces lamellar granules and what do lamellar granules release

A

keratinocytes. Lamellar granules release lipid rich substances which creates a layer that acts as a water repellent. Keep water in and no more water to enter.

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18
Q

What do melanocytes look like

A

spider shaped epithelial cells

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19
Q

What do melanocytes produce
where are they transferred to

A

Scerete and transfer the pigment melanin to keratinocytes

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20
Q

What does melanin do

A

helps shield nucleus in keratinocytes from UV radiation

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21
Q

Where are melanocytes found

A

near basal surface and their cell projections extend between keratinocytes

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22
Q

where do langerhans arise from

A

red bone marrow

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23
Q

what are Langerhans cells involved in

A

immune response. helps activate this and alerts from potential invaders

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24
Q

what are merkel cells also called

A

tactile epithelial cells

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25
what is the least numerous cell type in the epidermis
Merkel cells
26
What do merkel cells do
contact sensory neuron and function in touch sensation
27
where are merkel cell located
deep in epidermis
28
what are the epidermal cell layers from bottom to top
stratum basale stratum spinosum stratum granulosum stratum lucidum stratum corneum
29
what are the epidermal cell layers from top to bottom
strautm corneum stratum lucidum stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum basale
30
Where is the stratum basale
deepest layer of epidermis attached to dermis by wavy border
31
what is the stratum basale made of
a single row of cuboidal and columnar keratinocytes
32
IN the stratum Basale cells________
divide by mitosis
33
What cell types does the stratum basale contain
melanocytes and merkel cells
34
what is the stratum spinosum made of
8-10 layers of irregular shaped keratinocytes
35
cells in the stratum spinosum may contain____
keratin filaments
36
What type of cells does the stratum spinosum contain
Langerhans cells and projection of melanocytes
37
What is the stratum granulosm made of
3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes
38
IN the stratum granulosm why are the nucleus and organelles of the keratinocytes disintegrating?
They are undergoing apoptosis which is programmed cell death due to lack of nutrients and oxygen as this layer is too far from the blood supply of the dermis.
39
What do the cells of the stratum granulosm contain
keratohyalin and lamellar granules
40
What starts at the stratum granulosm
From this layer upwards, lamellar granules release a lipid rich water repellent and create the water barrier
41
What can the stratum granulosm be referred as
the transition layers from the living cells below and dead cells above.
42
where is the stratum lucidum present
present only in think skin ( fingertips, palms, soles)
43
What is the stratum lucidum made up of
3-5 layers of clear flat dead keratinocytes
44
What is the stratum corneum made up of
25-30 layers of flat dead keratinocytes containing keratin
45
what waterproofs the stratum corneum
lamellar secretion
46
What is keratinization
accumulation of more and more protective keratin
47
What is dandruff
An excess of keratinized cells shed from the scalp
48
What is the dermis
connective tissue with fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and embedded with fibers
49
what does the dermis conatin
blood vessels, hair follicles, glands, and nerves
50
What are the two regions of the dermis
Papillary region Reticular region
51
how much and where on dermis is the papillary region
upper 1/5 of dermis
52
What does the papillary region have in junction with the epidermis
dermal papillae
53
What do dermal papillae contain
Capillaries Free nerve endings Meissner's Corpuscles
54
What are Meissner's Corpuscles
receptors that respond to light touch sensations
55
Where are Meissner's Corpuscles most abundant
fingertips lips eyelids
56
Where is the rticular region found in the dermis
Lower portion
57
What are the two fibers found in the reticular region
Collagen fibers elastic fibers
58
What characteristics do collagen fibers give the skin?
Strength Resiliency Extensibility and Binds water to keep skin hydrated
59
What properties do elastic fibers provide?
stretch - recoil properties
60
What can appear if the skin stretches too much
Stretch marks
61
What receptor does the reticular region contain?
Pacinian Corpuscles
62
What are Pacinian Corpuscles
receptors that are sensitve to deep pressure
63
Where are Pacinian Corpuscles found in
skin of fingers pancreas walls of urinary bladder
64
In terms of skin colour, what is about the same in people and what differs
the amount of melanocytes are the same the amount of melanin produced differs
65
What is themost important pigment
melanin
66
what increase melanin production
exposure to UV light
67
What does melanin absorb and why
Melanin absorbs UV radiation to protect DNA in cells
68
What is a mole
A benign localized overgrowth of melanocytes
69
What is a benign localized overgrowth of melanocytes
a mole
70
What are some melanin related skin conditions
Albinism vitiligo
71
What is albinism
an inherited inabilty to produce melanin
72
what is vitiligo
the partial or complete loss of melanocytes from patches of skin
73
What is the hair shaft
The part of the hair that protudes from the skin
74
What do hairs do
Some protect( eyebrow, eyelash, nose hairs) other provide touch sensations via nerve endings attached to hair root
75
What does a hair root consist of
three concentric rings of dead karatinized cells
76
What are the three concentric rings of dead keratinized cells from inside out?
Medulla cortex cuticle
77
What is the medulla of the hair root made up of
core of large cells
78
what is the cortex of a hair root made up of
several layer of flattened cells
79
what is the cuticle of a hair root made up of
a single layer of cells that overlap one another from below
80
What is hair pigment made by, where, and where is it then transferred to
hair pigment is made by melanocytes at the base of the hair follicle and is transferred to cortex and medulla cells.
81
What is the result of a decrease in melanin in hair
grey hair
82
what is the result of absense of melanin in hair
white hair
83
What is the hair follicle
a tube like pocketing of epidermis that extends into the dermis
84
What is the base of the follicle expanded as
the hair bulb
85
What does the hair papilla do and what does it contain
protrudes into the hair bulb and contains capillaries and a layer of cells called the matrix
86
What do matrix cells do as the hair grows
divide mitotically
87
What happens to newly created cells by matrix cells in hair
Move upwards and become dead keratinized cells.
88
What protrudes into the hair bulb and contains capillaries and matrix cells
the hair papilla
89
WHat is the hair follicle growth cycle in order
growth stage regression stage resting stage
90
What happens in the growth stage
cells of matrix divide (2-6 years)
91
What happens in the regression stage
matrix cells stop dividing (2-3 weeks)
92
What happens in the resting stage
nothing happens (3 months)
93
What happens after the resting stage
the old hair root falls out of the follicle and a new hair begins to grow
94
What is the arrector pili muscle
This is a smooth muscle which attaches to the hair follicle and raises the hair
95
What is also found around the hair bulb
sensory nerve endings
95
What causes goosebumps
arrector pili muscle
95
What are eccrine sweat glands
simple coiled tubular glands emptying into a pore
95
What are the two types of sweat or sudoriferous glands
eccrine sweat glands apocrine sweat glands
96
Where are eccrine sweat glands found
all over body
97
Which sweat gland is most abundant
eccrine sweat glands
98
Places where there are eccrine sweat glands
palms, soles, forehead
99
When are the eccrine sweat glands functional
functional from birth
100
What is sweat composed of
water ions urea uric acid ammonia amoino acids glucose lactic acid
101
WHat is the purpose of sweat
To regulate body temperature and has a small role in eliminating wastes
102
Describe apocrine sweat glands
ARe larger and empty into hair follicles
103
where are apocrine sweat glands found
skin of axilla (armpits) groin
104
When do apocrine sweat glands begin to function
Begin to function at puberty
105
What does the secretion of the apocrine sweat gland contain?
lipids and proteins
106
what causes body odour?
Body odour is due to the breaking down of organic components by bacteria on skin.
107
What are ceruminous glands
modified apocrine glands
108
where are ceruminous glands found
found in the skin lining of the external ear canal
109
What do ceruminous glands secrete
sticky ear wax (cerumen)
110
What are sebaceous glands
simple branched alveolar glands connected to hair follicles
111
what do sebacous glands produce and secrete
an oily substance called sebum
112
What does sebum do
soften and lubricate hair and skin prevents dehydration of hair and skin inhibits growth of ceratin bacteria on skin
113
What are nails made up of
hard keratinized epidermal cells that are organized into plates and heavily compacted
114
What are the structures of the nail
Free edge: extends over digit Nail body: visivle portion Nail root: embedded in fold of skin
115
what forms the nail bed under the nail
the deeper layers of epidermis
116
What is the proximal portion of the nail bed or the base of the nail called and what is it responsible for
nail matrix nail growth
117
What are the function of nails
protect the distal phalanx aid in grasping
118
What is relatively constant in temp
the body core (organs in skull, thoracic and abdominal cavities)
119
the skin temp can_____
fluctuate
120
What is vitamin D
a group of closely related compounds
121
How does the synthesis of vitamin D begin
begins in the skin with the formation of a precursor molecule called cholecalciferol
122
Why is vitamin D important
required to increase calcium absorption from food
123
What are the steps of vitamin D synthesis
Sunlight UV radiation Cholesterol in skin becomes cholecalciferol molecule transported to liver and kidney converted to vitamin D vitamin D stimulates calcium absorption

A&P (6 decks)

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