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A&P > Chapter 5 Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system

A

1) Protects
2)Receptor for sensory input
3)Regulates body temp
4) secretes wastes
5) synthesizes vitamin D from cholesterol molecules under action of sunlight

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2
Q

What does the integumentary system protect against

A

dehydration
impact and friction injuries
mold and bacterial
UV light damage

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3
Q

Why is vitamin D necessary

A

necessary to increase calcium absorption which is needed in muscle contraction and nerve impulse conduction

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4
Q

What are the two layers of skin

A

Outer thinner- epidermis
inner thicker- dermis

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5
Q

Which skin layer is vascularized

A

the dermis

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6
Q

What does the subcutaneous layer do and what is it also known as

A

helps anchor skin to underlying tissue nerves and blood vessels also called the hypodermis

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7
Q

is the subcutaneous layer considered part of the skin

A

no

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8
Q

where is the subcutaneous layer located

A

under the dermis

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9
Q

What is the epidermis composed of

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium ; thick layer of dead cells that contain protective protein : keratin

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10
Q

What are basal cells

A

bottom layer of epidermis continuously undergoing mitosis, therefore cells on top get pushed up by new skin cell and skin gets renewed

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11
Q

What are the 4 major types of cells in the epidermis

A

Keratinocytes
melanocytes
Langerhans cells or dendritic
Merkel cells or tactile cells

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12
Q

what do keratinocytes produce

A

keratin ( fibrous protein)

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13
Q

What do keratinocytes protect the skin from

A

Protect skin from heat microbes and chemicals

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of the surface cells of the epidermis

A

they are dead and only contain keratin

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15
Q

keratinocyte cells are what percent of the cells in the epidermal

A

90

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16
Q

What do keratinocytes produce other than keratin

A

Lamellar granules

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17
Q

What produces lamellar granules and what do lamellar granules release

A

keratinocytes. Lamellar granules release lipid rich substances which creates a layer that acts as a water repellent. Keep water in and no more water to enter.

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18
Q

What do melanocytes look like

A

spider shaped epithelial cells

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19
Q

What do melanocytes produce
where are they transferred to

A

Scerete and transfer the pigment melanin to keratinocytes

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20
Q

What does melanin do

A

helps shield nucleus in keratinocytes from UV radiation

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21
Q

Where are melanocytes found

A

near basal surface and their cell projections extend between keratinocytes

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22
Q

where do langerhans arise from

A

red bone marrow

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23
Q

what are Langerhans cells involved in

A

immune response. helps activate this and alerts from potential invaders

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24
Q

what are merkel cells also called

A

tactile epithelial cells

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25
Q

what is the least numerous cell type in the epidermis

A

Merkel cells

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26
Q

What do merkel cells do

A

contact sensory neuron and function in touch sensation

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27
Q

where are merkel cell located

A

deep in epidermis

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28
Q

what are the epidermal cell layers from bottom to top

A

stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum

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29
Q

what are the epidermal cell layers from top to bottom

A

strautm corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale

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30
Q

Where is the stratum basale

A

deepest layer of epidermis attached to dermis by wavy border

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31
Q

what is the stratum basale made of

A

a single row of cuboidal and columnar keratinocytes

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32
Q

IN the stratum Basale cells________

A

divide by mitosis

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33
Q

What cell types does the stratum basale contain

A

melanocytes and merkel cells

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34
Q

what is the stratum spinosum made of

A

8-10 layers of irregular shaped keratinocytes

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35
Q

cells in the stratum spinosum may contain____

A

keratin filaments

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36
Q

What type of cells does the stratum spinosum contain

A

Langerhans cells and projection of melanocytes

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37
Q

What is the stratum granulosm made of

A

3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes

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38
Q

IN the stratum granulosm why are the nucleus and organelles of the keratinocytes disintegrating?

A

They are undergoing apoptosis which is programmed cell death due to lack of nutrients and oxygen as this layer is too far from the blood supply of the dermis.

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39
Q

What do the cells of the stratum granulosm contain

A

keratohyalin and lamellar granules

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40
Q

What starts at the stratum granulosm

A

From this layer upwards, lamellar granules release a lipid rich water repellent and create the water barrier

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41
Q

What can the stratum granulosm be referred as

A

the transition layers from the living cells below and dead cells above.

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42
Q

where is the stratum lucidum present

A

present only in think skin ( fingertips, palms, soles)

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43
Q

What is the stratum lucidum made up of

A

3-5 layers of clear flat dead keratinocytes

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44
Q

What is the stratum corneum made up of

A

25-30 layers of flat dead keratinocytes containing keratin

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45
Q

what waterproofs the stratum corneum

A

lamellar secretion

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46
Q

What is keratinization

A

accumulation of more and more protective keratin

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47
Q

What is dandruff

A

An excess of keratinized cells shed from the scalp

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48
Q

What is the dermis

A

connective tissue with fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and embedded with fibers

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49
Q

what does the dermis conatin

A

blood vessels, hair follicles, glands, and nerves

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50
Q

What are the two regions of the dermis

A

Papillary region
Reticular region

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51
Q

how much and where on dermis is the papillary region

A

upper 1/5 of dermis

52
Q

What does the papillary region have in junction with the epidermis

A

dermal papillae

53
Q

What do dermal papillae contain

A

Capillaries
Free nerve endings
Meissner’s Corpuscles

54
Q

What are Meissner’s Corpuscles

A

receptors that respond to light touch sensations

55
Q

Where are Meissner’s Corpuscles most abundant

A

fingertips
lips
eyelids

56
Q

Where is the rticular region found in the dermis

A

Lower portion

57
Q

What are the two fibers found in the reticular region

A

Collagen fibers
elastic fibers

58
Q

What characteristics do collagen fibers give the skin?

A

Strength
Resiliency
Extensibility
and Binds water to keep skin hydrated

59
Q

What properties do elastic fibers provide?

A

stretch - recoil properties

60
Q

What can appear if the skin stretches too much

A

Stretch marks

61
Q

What receptor does the reticular region contain?

A

Pacinian Corpuscles

62
Q

What are Pacinian Corpuscles

A

receptors that are sensitve to deep pressure

63
Q

Where are Pacinian Corpuscles found in

A

skin of fingers
pancreas
walls of urinary bladder

64
Q

In terms of skin colour, what is about the same in people and what differs

A

the amount of melanocytes are the same
the amount of melanin produced differs

65
Q

What is themost important pigment

A

melanin

66
Q

what increase melanin production

A

exposure to UV light

67
Q

What does melanin absorb and why

A

Melanin absorbs UV radiation to protect DNA in cells

68
Q

What is a mole

A

A benign localized overgrowth of melanocytes

69
Q

What is a benign localized overgrowth of melanocytes

A

a mole

70
Q

What are some melanin related skin conditions

A

Albinism
vitiligo

71
Q

What is albinism

A

an inherited inabilty to produce melanin

72
Q

what is vitiligo

A

the partial or complete loss of melanocytes from patches of skin

73
Q

What is the hair shaft

A

The part of the hair that protudes from the skin

74
Q

What do hairs do

A

Some protect( eyebrow, eyelash, nose hairs)
other provide touch sensations via nerve endings attached to hair root

75
Q

What does a hair root consist of

A

three concentric rings of dead karatinized cells

76
Q

What are the three concentric rings of dead keratinized cells from inside out?

A

Medulla
cortex
cuticle

77
Q

What is the medulla of the hair root made up of

A

core of large cells

78
Q

what is the cortex of a hair root made up of

A

several layer of flattened cells

79
Q

what is the cuticle of a hair root made up of

A

a single layer of cells that overlap one another from below

80
Q

What is hair pigment made by, where, and where is it then transferred to

A

hair pigment is made by melanocytes at the base of the hair follicle and is transferred to cortex and medulla cells.

81
Q

What is the result of a decrease in melanin in hair

A

grey hair

82
Q

what is the result of absense of melanin in hair

A

white hair

83
Q

What is the hair follicle

A

a tube like pocketing of epidermis that extends into the dermis

84
Q

What is the base of the follicle expanded as

A

the hair bulb

85
Q

What does the hair papilla do and what does it contain

A

protrudes into the hair bulb and contains capillaries and a layer of cells called the matrix

86
Q

What do matrix cells do as the hair grows

A

divide mitotically

87
Q

What happens to newly created cells by matrix cells in hair

A

Move upwards and become dead keratinized cells.

88
Q

What protrudes into the hair bulb and contains capillaries and matrix cells

A

the hair papilla

89
Q

WHat is the hair follicle growth cycle in order

A

growth stage
regression stage
resting stage

90
Q

What happens in the growth stage

A

cells of matrix divide (2-6 years)

91
Q

What happens in the regression stage

A

matrix cells stop dividing (2-3 weeks)

92
Q

What happens in the resting stage

A

nothing happens (3 months)

93
Q

What happens after the resting stage

A

the old hair root falls out of the follicle and a new hair begins to grow

94
Q

What is the arrector pili muscle

A

This is a smooth muscle which attaches to the hair follicle and raises the hair

95
Q

What is also found around the hair bulb

A

sensory nerve endings

95
Q

What causes goosebumps

A

arrector pili muscle

95
Q

What are eccrine sweat glands

A

simple coiled tubular glands emptying into a pore

95
Q

What are the two types of sweat or sudoriferous glands

A

eccrine sweat glands
apocrine sweat glands

96
Q

Where are eccrine sweat glands found

A

all over body

97
Q

Which sweat gland is most abundant

A

eccrine sweat glands

98
Q

Places where there are eccrine sweat glands

A

palms, soles, forehead

99
Q

When are the eccrine sweat glands functional

A

functional from birth

100
Q

What is sweat composed of

A

water
ions
urea
uric acid
ammonia
amoino acids
glucose
lactic acid

101
Q

WHat is the purpose of sweat

A

To regulate body temperature and has a small role in eliminating wastes

102
Q

Describe apocrine sweat glands

A

ARe larger and empty into hair follicles

103
Q

where are apocrine sweat glands found

A

skin of axilla (armpits)
groin

104
Q

When do apocrine sweat glands begin to function

A

Begin to function at puberty

105
Q

What does the secretion of the apocrine sweat gland contain?

A

lipids and proteins

106
Q

what causes body odour?

A

Body odour is due to the breaking down of organic components by bacteria on skin.

107
Q

What are ceruminous glands

A

modified apocrine glands

108
Q

where are ceruminous glands found

A

found in the skin lining of the external ear canal

109
Q

What do ceruminous glands secrete

A

sticky ear wax (cerumen)

110
Q

What are sebaceous glands

A

simple branched alveolar glands connected to hair follicles

111
Q

what do sebacous glands produce and secrete

A

an oily substance called sebum

112
Q

What does sebum do

A

soften and lubricate hair and skin
prevents dehydration of hair and skin
inhibits growth of ceratin bacteria on skin

113
Q

What are nails made up of

A

hard keratinized epidermal cells that are organized into plates and heavily compacted

114
Q

What are the structures of the nail

A

Free edge: extends over digit
Nail body: visivle portion
Nail root: embedded in fold of skin

115
Q

what forms the nail bed under the nail

A

the deeper layers of epidermis

116
Q

What is the proximal portion of the nail bed or the base of the nail called and what is it responsible for

A

nail matrix
nail growth

117
Q

What are the function of nails

A

protect the distal phalanx
aid in grasping

118
Q

What is relatively constant in temp

A

the body core (organs in skull, thoracic and abdominal cavities)

119
Q

the skin temp can_____

A

fluctuate

120
Q

What is vitamin D

A

a group of closely related compounds

121
Q

How does the synthesis of vitamin D begin

A

begins in the skin with the formation of a precursor molecule called cholecalciferol

122
Q

Why is vitamin D important

A

required to increase calcium absorption from food

123
Q

What are the steps of vitamin D synthesis

A

Sunlight UV radiation
Cholesterol in skin becomes cholecalciferol
molecule transported to liver and kidney
converted to vitamin D
vitamin D stimulates calcium absorption

A&P (6 decks)

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