Chapter 6 - The Comparative Anatomy Of The Skin And The Exoskeleton

Question 1

Includes all of the hardened portions of the bodies of animals

Answer 1

Skeleton

Question 2

The external skeleton derived from the skin, and forming a covering and protective layer on the outside of the body

Answer 2

Exoskeleton

Question 3

The internal skeleton derived chiefly from the inner wall of the epimere, and constituting a support and framework for the body and a place of attachment of the voluntary muscles

Answer 3

Endoskeleton

Question 4

True or False. Skin occurs in both vertebrates and invertebrates.

Answer 4

False

Question 5

Surface covering easily separable from the underlying muscular layer of the body wall

Answer 5

Skin

Question 6

2 distinct parts of the skin

Answer 6

Epidermis and dermis, corium, or cutis

Question 7

Describe the lower chordate skin

Answer 7

Amphioxus and tunicates lack skin; tunicates have tunic

Question 8

Describe the vertebrate skin

Answer 8

Epidermis - stratified epithelium, cutaneous glands present

Dermis - fibrous connective tissue

Question 9

Describe the skin of aquatic vertebrates

Answer 9

Epidermis - thin with mucous gland cells

Dermis - loose and compact layers

Question 10

Describe the skin of land vertebrates, exemplified by the frog

Answer 10

Epidermis - stratified epithelium; stratum corneum and stratum germinativum

Dermis - fibrous connective tissue; stratum laxum and stratum compactum; pigment cells and cutaneous glands

Question 11

Flattening and hardening of the outer layers of the epidermis into a horny stratum

Answer 11

Keratinization

Question 12

Outermost layer of the epidermis of land vertebrates

Answer 12

Stratum corneum

Question 13

Loose open connective tissue (land vertebrate dermis)

Answer 13

Stratum laxum

Question 14

Dense, parallel, wavy fibers (land vertebrate dermis)

Answer 14

Stratum compactum

Question 15

Dark, irregular branching cells just beneath the epidermis of land vertebrates

Answer 15

Pigment cells

Question 16

Flask-shaped bodies composed of epithelial cells (dermis of land vertebrates)

Answer 16

Cutaneous glands

Question 17

True or False. Amniote skin has a well-developed stratum corneum.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

3 types of cutaneous glands

Answer 18

Sebaceous or oil glands
Sweat glands
Mammary or milk glands

Question 19

Types of chromatophores and description

Answer 19

Melanophores - melanin; brown to black protein pigment
Xanthophores - yellow to red fatty pigment
Guanophores - guanine; reflect or refract light and produce white, silvery, metallic, or iridescent colors

Question 20

Special branches cells responsible for the color of skin

Answer 20

Chromatophores

Question 21

True or False. Scales in fishes are of epidermal origin.

Answer 21

False, dermal origin

Question 22

Pieces of sharksin

Answer 22

Shagreen

Question 23

Kinds of fish scales and which fish they are a characteristic of

Answer 23

Placoid/denticles - Elasmobranch fishes
Cosmoid- extinct fishes
Palaeoniscoid - chondrostei
Lepidosteoid - garpikes, sturgeons, and allies
Cycloid - holostei, dipnoi, teleostei
Ctenoid - most bony fishes

Question 24

Hard shiny substance sected by the dermis in palaeoniscoid scales

Answer 24

Ganoin

Question 25

True or False. Age and growth rate of fish can be determined by studying the dermal fin rays.

Answer 25

False, study the concentric ridges of the scales.

Question 26

Dermal fin rays where to find them

Answer 26

Ceratotrichia - elasmobranchs and Holocephali Actinotrichia - development of bony fishes Lepidotrichia - osteichthyes or bony fishes Camptotrichia - dipnoi

Question 27

True or False. Vast majority of present-day Amphibia have naked skins, devoid of exoskeleton.

Answer 27

True.

Question 28

3 groups dividing the dorsal surface of the carapace

Answer 28

Neural scutes - median Costal scutes - lateral Marginal scutes

Question 29

Scutes in the plastron (ventral)

Answer 29

``` Gular Lumeral Pectoral Abdominal Femoral Anal ```

Question 30

Composition of the dorsal surface of the plastron

Answer 30

``` Epiplastra Entoplastron Hyoplastra Hypoplastra Xiphiplastra ```

Question 31

Constitute the fluffy covering of young birds and also occur in many adult birds

Answer 31

Down feathers or plumules

Question 32

Short stem of feather

Answer 32

Quill

Question 33

Soft rays in feathers

Answer 33

Barbs

Question 34

Minute side rays in feathers

Answer 34

Barbules

Question 35

Weblike expansion which bears from the quill

Answer 35

Vane

Question 36

Lower part of quill

Answer 36

Calamus

Question 37

Opening of the quill and description

Answer 37

Inferior umbilicus - inserted into feather follicle | Superior umbilicus - beginning of vane

Question 38

Part of quill supporting the vane

Answer 38

Shaft or rachis

Question 39

Ventral surface, next to bird's body

Answer 39

Umbilical groove

Question 40

Feather tracts; where the feathers are borne

Answer 40

Pterylae

Question 41

Featherless areas

Answer 41

Apterylae

Question 42

Where each hair springs from in the skin of mammals

Answer 42

Hair follicle

Question 43

Part of the hair inside the follicle

Answer 43

Root

Question 44

Exposed part of the hair

Answer 44

Shaft

Question 45

Surface layer of the hair

Answer 45

Cuticle

Question 46

Central stand of degenerated material (hair mammals)

Answer 46

Medulla

Question 47

Between cuticle and medulla; layer of elongated cells; whee color in chiefly located

Answer 47

Cortex

Question 48

Lining of the follicle

Answer 48

Inner shoot reath

Question 49

What are claws, nails, and hoofs composed of

Answer 49

Compressed layers of stratum corneum

Question 50

Ventral side of the claw

Answer 50

Sole

Question 51

Hollow horn sheaths

Answer 51

True horns

Question 52

Dermal bone; solid bony outgrowth

Answer 52

Antlers

Question 53

Bundles of hair matted together and matted on the skull

Answer 53

Hair horns

Question 54

Dermal bone covered by ordinary skin

Answer 54

Short horns of giraffe