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LBYBIO3 > Chapter 6 - The Comparative Anatomy Of The Skin And The Exoskeleton > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - The Comparative Anatomy Of The Skin And The Exoskeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Includes all of the hardened portions of the bodies of animals

A

Skeleton

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2
Q

The external skeleton derived from the skin, and forming a covering and protective layer on the outside of the body

A

Exoskeleton

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3
Q

The internal skeleton derived chiefly from the inner wall of the epimere, and constituting a support and framework for the body and a place of attachment of the voluntary muscles

A

Endoskeleton

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4
Q

True or False. Skin occurs in both vertebrates and invertebrates.

A

False

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5
Q

Surface covering easily separable from the underlying muscular layer of the body wall

A

Skin

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6
Q

2 distinct parts of the skin

A

Epidermis and dermis, corium, or cutis

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7
Q

Describe the lower chordate skin

A

Amphioxus and tunicates lack skin; tunicates have tunic

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8
Q

Describe the vertebrate skin

A

Epidermis - stratified epithelium, cutaneous glands present

Dermis - fibrous connective tissue

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9
Q

Describe the skin of aquatic vertebrates

A

Epidermis - thin with mucous gland cells

Dermis - loose and compact layers

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10
Q

Describe the skin of land vertebrates, exemplified by the frog

A

Epidermis - stratified epithelium; stratum corneum and stratum germinativum

Dermis - fibrous connective tissue; stratum laxum and stratum compactum; pigment cells and cutaneous glands

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11
Q

Flattening and hardening of the outer layers of the epidermis into a horny stratum

A

Keratinization

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12
Q

Outermost layer of the epidermis of land vertebrates

A

Stratum corneum

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13
Q

Loose open connective tissue (land vertebrate dermis)

A

Stratum laxum

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14
Q

Dense, parallel, wavy fibers (land vertebrate dermis)

A

Stratum compactum

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15
Q

Dark, irregular branching cells just beneath the epidermis of land vertebrates

A

Pigment cells

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16
Q

Flask-shaped bodies composed of epithelial cells (dermis of land vertebrates)

A

Cutaneous glands

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17
Q

True or False. Amniote skin has a well-developed stratum corneum.

A

True

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18
Q

3 types of cutaneous glands

A

Sebaceous or oil glands
Sweat glands
Mammary or milk glands

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19
Q

Types of chromatophores and description

A

Melanophores - melanin; brown to black protein pigment
Xanthophores - yellow to red fatty pigment
Guanophores - guanine; reflect or refract light and produce white, silvery, metallic, or iridescent colors

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20
Q

Special branches cells responsible for the color of skin

A

Chromatophores

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21
Q

True or False. Scales in fishes are of epidermal origin.

A

False, dermal origin

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22
Q

Pieces of sharksin

A

Shagreen

23
Q

Kinds of fish scales and which fish they are a characteristic of

A 
Placoid/denticles - Elasmobranch fishes
Cosmoid- extinct fishes
Palaeoniscoid - chondrostei
Lepidosteoid - garpikes, sturgeons, and allies
Cycloid - holostei, dipnoi, teleostei
Ctenoid - most bony fishes
24
Q

Hard shiny substance sected by the dermis in palaeoniscoid scales

A

Ganoin

25
Q

True or False. Age and growth rate of fish can be determined by studying the dermal fin rays.

A

False, study the concentric ridges of the scales.

26
Q

Dermal fin rays where to find them

A

Ceratotrichia - elasmobranchs and Holocephali
Actinotrichia - development of bony fishes
Lepidotrichia - osteichthyes or bony fishes
Camptotrichia - dipnoi

27
Q

True or False. Vast majority of present-day Amphibia have naked skins, devoid of exoskeleton.

A

True.

28
Q

3 groups dividing the dorsal surface of the carapace

A

Neural scutes - median
Costal scutes - lateral
Marginal scutes

29
Q

Scutes in the plastron (ventral)

A 
Gular
Lumeral
Pectoral
Abdominal
Femoral
Anal
30
Q

Composition of the dorsal surface of the plastron

A 
Epiplastra
Entoplastron
Hyoplastra
Hypoplastra
Xiphiplastra
31
Q

Constitute the fluffy covering of young birds and also occur in many adult birds

A

Down feathers or plumules

32
Q

Short stem of feather

A

Quill

33
Q

Soft rays in feathers

A

Barbs

34
Q

Minute side rays in feathers

A

Barbules

35
Q

Weblike expansion which bears from the quill

A

Vane

36
Q

Lower part of quill

A

Calamus

37
Q

Opening of the quill and description

A

Inferior umbilicus - inserted into feather follicle

Superior umbilicus - beginning of vane

38
Q

Part of quill supporting the vane

A

Shaft or rachis

39
Q

Ventral surface, next to bird’s body

A

Umbilical groove

40
Q

Feather tracts; where the feathers are borne

A

Pterylae

41
Q

Featherless areas

A

Apterylae

42
Q

Where each hair springs from in the skin of mammals

A

Hair follicle

43
Q

Part of the hair inside the follicle

A

Root

44
Q

Exposed part of the hair

A

Shaft

45
Q

Surface layer of the hair

A

Cuticle

46
Q

Central stand of degenerated material (hair mammals)

A

Medulla

47
Q

Between cuticle and medulla; layer of elongated cells; whee color in chiefly located

A

Cortex

48
Q

Lining of the follicle

A

Inner shoot reath

49
Q

What are claws, nails, and hoofs composed of

A

Compressed layers of stratum corneum

50
Q

Ventral side of the claw

A

Sole

51
Q

Hollow horn sheaths

A

True horns

52
Q

Dermal bone; solid bony outgrowth

A

Antlers

53
Q

Bundles of hair matted together and matted on the skull

A

Hair horns

54
Q

Dermal bone covered by ordinary skin

A

Short horns of giraffe

LBYBIO3 (9 decks)

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