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Blood Bank Crystal > Chapter 6 The ABO Blood Group System > Flashcards

Chapter 6 The ABO Blood Group System Flashcards

1
Q

Forward grouping is defined as:

A

detecting antigen(s) on an individual’s red cells via reagent antisera

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2
Q

What percentage of the white population has type O blood?

A

45%

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3
Q

Why is reverse grouping not performed on cord blood specimens?

A

Antibodies are generally not present at birth

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4
Q

Which of the following is unique to the ABO system when compared with other blood group systems?

A

Individuals have antibodies to antigens they lack without foreign stimulus

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5
Q

How are ABH antigens formed?

A

production of specific glycosyltransferases add sugars to precursor substances

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6
Q

What immunodominant sugar is responsible for H specificity?

A

L-fucose

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7
Q

What does the hh genotype refer to?

A

Bombay

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8
Q

What is the biochemical structure of secreted A, B, and H substances?

A

glycoprotein

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9
Q

What substances are found in a group A secretor?

A

A, H

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10
Q

What is a “lectin”?

A

seed extracts that agglutinate human cells with moderate specificity

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11
Q

What percentage of the blood Type A white population is type A2?

A

20%

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12
Q

What is the source of anti-H lectin?

A

Ulex europaeus

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13
Q

What is the most important use for anti-B lectin?

A

differentiating a true B from an acquired-like B

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14
Q

All of the following are technical errors that could result in ABO discrepancies except:

    a) sample misidentified		
    b) failure to warm reagents
 	c) failure to add reagents
 	d) clerical errors
A

b) failure to warm reagents

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15
Q

An elderly patient is documented as being type O. The forward grouping is negative with anti-A and anti-B. The reverse grouping showed no reactivity with A1 cells and B cells. What can be done to correct the discrepancy?

A

incubate patient serum and reagent cells for 15 minutes at room temperature

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16
Q

What testing is available that will differentiate between a true B and an acquired “B”?

A
  • anti-B lectin
  • acidification of anti-B reagent
  • secretor studies
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17
Q

Reverse grouping was performed on an AB person. The technologist observed a very weak agglutination macroscopically. The cells appeared as “stacked coins” under a microscope. Which reagent should be added to the tube and recentrifuged in an attempt to resolve the discrepancy?

A

saline

18
Q

An ABO type on a patient gives the following reactions:
Anti-A Anti-B A1 cells B cells
4+ 4+ Neg Neg

What is the patient’s blood type?

A

AB

19
Q

The major immunoglobulin class(es) of anti-B in a group A individual is (are):

A

IgM

20
Q

What are the possible ABO phenotypes of the offspring from the mating of a group A to a group B individual?

A

AB,A,B,O

21
Q

The immunodominant sugar responsible for blood group A specificity is:

A

N-acetyl-D-galactosamine

22
Q

What ABH substance(s) would be found in the saliva of a group B secretor?

A

slight H and B

23
Q

What ABH substance(s) would be found in the saliva of a group O secretor?

A

heavy H only

24
Q

What ABH substance(s) would be found in the saliva of a group AB secretor?

A

A, B, and H

25
Q

What ABH substance(s) would be found in the saliva of a group A secretor?

A

A and slight H

26
Q

The precursor in which A and B antigens are made?

A

H antigen

27
Q

The precursor substance on erythrocytes is referred to as?

A

Type 2

28
Q

An ABO type on a patient gives the following reactions:
Anti-A Anti-B Anti-A1 A1 cells B cells
4+ 4+ Neg 2+ Neg

A

A2B with Anti-A1

29
Q

What is the order of reactivity for H fro greatest to the least amount of H?

A

O>A2>B>A2B>A1>A1B

30
Q

What reaction would you expect to see in a bombay phenotype?

A

patient’s cells+Ulex europaeus=no agglutination

31
Q

An example of a technical error that can result in an ABO discrepancy is:

A

Cell suspension that is too heavy

32
Q

An ABO type on a patient gives the following reactions:
Anti-A Anti-B A1 cells B cells O cells Autocontrol
4+ Neg 2+ 4+ 2+ Neg

A

Non-ABO alloantibody

33
Q

Paragloboside

2 types of chains

A
  1. type 1

2. type 2

34
Q

Type 1

A

beta-1,3 linkage
originates in secretions
controlling genes=H,A,B,Se, Le

35
Q

Type 2

A

beta-1,4 linkage
originates on RBC precursors
controlling genes=HAB

36
Q

ABH antigens on the RBC are constructed on oligosaccharide chains of type 1/2 precursor substance.

A

type 2

37
Q

type 2 precursor chain (paragloboside)?

A

RBC-glu-gal-galnac-Beta-1,4 linkage-gal

38
Q 
"H" gene
1-enzyme
2-sugar donor
3-sugar added
4-final product
A

1-a-L-fucosyl-transferase
2-Guanosine-diphosphate L-fucose
3-Fucose (added to type 2 precursor chain)
4-H antigen
RBC-glu-gal-galnac-Beta-1,4 linkage-gal-fuc
*added to the red blood cell precursor

39
Q 
"A" gene
1-enzyme
2-sugar donor
3-sugar added
4-final product
A 
1-a-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine transferase
2-Uridine diphosphate-N-acetyl-D-galactose
3-GALNAC
4-A antigen                  
* RBC-glu-gal-galnac-gal-galnac
                                      I
                                     fuc
*must have the H antigen built before you can have A or B
added to the H antigen
40
Q 
"B" gene
1-enzyme
2-sugar donor
3-sugar added
4-final product
A 
1-a-D-galactosyl transferase
2-uridine diphosphate galactose
3-galactose
4-B antigen
*RBC-glu-gal-galnac-gal-gal
                                     I
                                    fuc
*added to the H antigen
41
Q

80% of the world’s population is known as?

A

secretors

*because they have inherited a secretor gene (SeSe or Sese)

Blood Bank Crystal (8 decks)

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