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Botany 1 > Chapter 6: Stems > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Stems Flashcards

1
Q

region of a stem where one or more leaves are attached

A

node

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2
Q

a stem region between nodes

A

internode

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3
Q

the conspicuous flattened part of a leaf (aka lamina) or seaweed

A

blade

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4
Q

the stalk of a leaf

A

petiole

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5
Q

the angle formed between a twig and the petiole of a leaf; normally the site of an axillary bud

A

axil

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6
Q

one of a pair of appendages of varying size, shape, and texture present at the base of the leaves of some plants

A

stipule

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7
Q

when something is shedding leaves annually

A

deciduous

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8
Q

the suberin-covered scar left on a twig when a leaf separates from it through abscission

A

leaf scar

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9
Q

a small scar left by a vascular bundle within a leaf scar when the leaf separates from its stem through abscission

A

bundle scar

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10
Q

an organ or structure at its earliest stage of development

A

primordium

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11
Q

central tissue of a dicot stem and certain roots; it usually consists of parenchyma cells that become proportionately less of the volume of woody plants as cambial activity increases the organ’s girth

A

pith

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12
Q

a primary tissue composed mainly of parenchyma; the tissue usually extends between the epidermis and the vascular tissue

A

cortex

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13
Q

a parenchyma-filled interruption in a stem’s cylinder of vascular tissue immediately above the point at which a branch of vascular tissue leading to a leaf occurs

A

leaf gap

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14
Q

thumbnail-shaped opening in the cylinder of vascular tissue

A

bud gap

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15
Q

a narrow, cylindrical sheath of cells that produces secondary xylem and phloem in stems and roots
-Cells continue to divide indefinitely, with the decisions taking place mostly in a plane parallel to the surface of the plant, and the secondary tissues add to the girth of the stem instead of to its length

A

vascular cambium

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16
Q

a narrow cylindrical sheath of cells between the exterior of a woody root or stem and the central vascular tissue; it produces cork to its exterior and phelloderm to its interior; aka phellogen

A

cork cambium

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17
Q

cell produced to the outside of the cork cambium

A

cork cell

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18
Q

a fatty substance found primarily in the cell walls of cork and the Casparian strips of endodermal cells

A

Suberin

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19
Q

tissue produced to the inside of the cork cambium

A

phelloderm

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20
Q

one of usually numerous, slightly raised, somewhat spongy groups of cells in the bark of woody plants; permit gas exchange between the interior of a plant and the external atmosphere

A

lenticel

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21
Q

the central cylinder of tissues in a stem or root; usually consists primarily of xylem and phloem

A

stele

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22
Q

an embryo leaf that usually either stores or absorbs food

A

cotyledon

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23
Q

a class of angiosperms whose seeds commonly have two cotyledons; frequently abbreviated to dicot

A

dicotyledon

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24
Q

a class of angiosperms whose seeds have a single cotyledon; commonly abbreviated to monocot

A

monocotyledon

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25
Q

a plant that completes its entire life cycle in a single growing season

A

annual

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26
Q

a strand of tissue composed mostly of xylem and phloem and usually enveloped by a bundle sheath

A

vascular bundle

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27
Q

a row of vascular tissue that extends horizontally across a stem

A

vascular ray

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28
Q

nonliving, usually darker-colored wood whose cells have ceased to function in water conduction
-Gives strength and support to the tree, but is not of much use
-Tree can live and function perfectly without it

A

heartwood

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29
Q

outer layers of wood that transport water and minerals in a tree trunk; usually lighter in color than heartwood

A

sapwood

30
Q

tissues of a woody stem between the vascular cambium and the exterior
-Inner consists of primary and secondary phloem
-Outer (periderm) consists of cork tissue and cork cambium

A

bark

31
Q

specialized cells or ducts resembling vessels; they form branched networks of latex-secreting cells in the phloem and other parts of plants

A

laticifer

32
Q

an underground stem, usually horizontally oriented, that may be superficially rootlike in appearance but that has definite nodes and internodes
-Adventitious roots are produced along it
-May be a food-storage organ, as in irises, or it may be slender, as in many perennial grasses or some ferns

A

rhizome

33
Q

a stem that grows horizontally along the surface of the ground; typically has long internodes
-Found with strawberries, saxifrages and some other house plants

A

runner

34
Q

a stem that grows vertically below the surface of the ground; it typically has relatively long internodes
-Tubers produced at the tips of these in Irish potato plants

A

stolon

35
Q

a swollen, fleshy underground stem
-Irish potato plants

A

tuber

36
Q

an underground food-storage organ that is essentially a modified bud consisting of fleshy leaves that surround and are attached to a small stem
-Onions, lilies, hyacinths, and tulips

A

bulb

37
Q

a vertically oriented, thickened food-storage stem that is usually enveloped by a few papery, nonfunctional leaves
-Crocus and gladiolus

A

corm

38
Q

a flattened stem that resembles a leaf; aka phylloclade
-Stems of butcher’s broom plants, greenbriers, certain orchids, prickly pear cacti

A

cladophyll

39
Q

a slender structure that coils on contact with a support of suitable diameter; it usually is a modified leaf or leaflet and aids the plant in climbing

A

tendril

40
Q

What do humans use wood for?

A

fuel, shelter, weapons, and more

41
Q

a portion of the base of a branch enclosed within wood

A

knot

42
Q

a single season’s production of xylem (wood) by the vascular cambium
-Each year, a tree adds a layer of wood to its trunk
-During spring growth of wood, large-diameter water-conducting cells are formed (early (spring) wood); later in summer, the water-conducting cells produced have a smaller diameter (late (summer) wood)

A

annual ring

43
Q

What is A?

A

apical bud (terminal bud)

44
Q

What is B?

A

petiole

45
Q

What is C and F?

A

node

46
Q

What is D?

A

axillary bud

47
Q

What is E?

A

internode

48
Q

What is G?

A

stem

49
Q

What is A?

A

apical bud (terminal bud)

50
Q

What is B?

A

internode

51
Q

What is C?

A

axillary bud (lateral bud)

52
Q

What is D?

A

node

53
Q

What is E?

A

leaf scar

54
Q

What is F?

A

lenticel

55
Q

What is G?

A

terminal bud scale scars

56
Q

What is H?

A

petiole

57
Q

What is I?

A

stipule

58
Q

What is J?

A

stipule scar

59
Q

How old is this Tilia stem?

A

3 years old

60
Q

What is A?

A

leaf primordium

61
Q

What is B?

A

protoderm

62
Q

What is C?

A

apical meristem

63
Q

What is D?

A

procambium

64
Q

What is E?

A

leaf trace

65
Q

What is F?

A

ground meristem

66
Q

What is G?

A

node

67
Q

What is H?

A

bud primordium

68
Q

What is I?

A

leaf trace gap

69
Q

What type of stem is this?

A

dicot

70
Q

What type of stem is this?

A

monocot

71
Q

How old is this tree?

A

7 years old

Botany 1 (7 decks)

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