Chapter 4: Tissues Flashcards
a plant organ that functions in anchorage and absorption; most are produced below ground
roots
a plant axis with leaves or enations
stem
a flattened, usually photosynthetic structure arranged in various ways on a stem
leaf
plant structure that contains reproductive organs and associated tissues
flower
a region of undifferentiated cells in which new cells arise
meristem
a meristem at the tip of a shoot or root
-primary growth occurs
apical meristem
the primary meristem that gives rise to the epidermis
protoderm
meristem that produces all the primary tissues other than the epidermis and stele
ground meristem
a primary meristematic tissue that differentiates into primary phloem and xylem
procambium
a tissue produced by an apical meristem
primary tissues
region in a plant that produces tissue that increases the girth of roots and stems
-secondary growth occurs
-vascular cambium and cork cambium
lateral meristem
a narrow, cylindrical sheath of cells that produces secondary xylem and phloem in stems and roots; found between xylem and phloem
vascular cambium
a meristem producing secondary tissues
cambium
a narrow cylindrical sheath of cells between the exterior of a woody root or stem and the central vascular tissue
cork cambium
region of a stem where one or more leaves are attached
nodes
thin-walled cells varying in size, shape, and function; the most common type of plant cell; mostly alive at maturity
-functions include photosynthesis, storage, and secretion
parenchyma
tissue composed of parenchyma cells that contain chloroplasts
chlorenchyma
tissue composed of elongated cells with unevenly thickened walls; supports young growing organs; alive at maturity
collenchyma
tissue composed of lignified cells with thick walls; the tissue functions primarily in strengthening and support; mostly dead at maturity
sclerenchyma
a polymer with which certain cell walls become impregnanted
lignin
a sclerenchyma cell that usually has one axis not conspicuously longer than the other; it may vary in shape and is heavily lignified
sclereid
a long, thick-walled cell whose protoplasm often is dead at maturity
fiber
the tissue through which most of the dissolved water and dissolved minerals utilized by a plant are conducted; it consists of several types of cells
xylem
one of usually very numerous cylindrical “tubes” whose cells have lost their cytoplasm; occur in the xylem of most angiosperms and a few other vascular plants
vessel
a single cell of a vessel; fluid flows through because of perforation plates; dead at maturity
vessel element
the end walls of xylem vessel elements with openings through which water flows; lack primary and secondary walls
perforation plate
a xylem cell that is tapered at the ends and has thick walls containing pits
tracheid
thickened region of the pit membrane in tracheids
torus
radially oriented tiers of parenchyma cells that conduct food, water, and other materials laterally in the stems and roots of woody plants
ray
the food conducting tissue of a vascular plant
phloem
a single cell of a sieve tube; conserve protoplasts; alive at maturity
sieve tube member/ sieve elements
a specialized cell derived from the same parent cell as the closely associated sieve tube member immediately adjacent to it (in angiosperm phloem)
companion cell
a column of sieve tube members arranged from end to end
sieve tube
an area of the wall of a sieve tube member that contains several to many perforations that permit cytoplasmic connections between similar adjacent cells
sieve plate
the exterior tissue, usually one cell thick, of leaves, young stems and roots, and other parts of plants
epidermis
an aerial root with a multilayered epidermis believed to function in retarding moisture loss
-ex: orchids, monstera
velamen root
the waxy or fatty substance of which a cuticle is composed
cutin
a waxy or fatty layer of varying thickness on the outer walls of epidermal cells
cuticle
an outgrowth from the epidermis of plants
trichome
a minute pore or opening in the epidermis of leaves, herbaceous stems, and the sporophytes of hornworts
stoma (pl. stomata)
one of a pair of specialized cells surrounding a stoma
-the green “eyes” in the Zebrina cell slides (pictured)
guard cell
a small body of variable shape and size that may secrete certain substances but that also may be functionless
gland
outer bark of woody trees and shrubs; secondary protective tissue; composed primarily of cork cells
periderm
tissue composed of cells whose walls are impregnated with suberin at maturity
cork
a fatty substance found primarily in the cell walls of cork and the Casparian strips of endodermal cells
suberin
one of usually numerous, slightly raised, somewhat spongy groups of cells in the bark of woody plants
lenticel
cell or tissue producing a substance or substances that are moved outside the cells
secretory cell/ secretory tissue
tissue system that functions in storage and support
-tissue types include parenchyma, sclerenchyma, collenchyma
ground tissue system
tissue system that functions in protection
-tissue types include epidermis and periderm
dermal tissue system
tissue system that functions in transport
-tissue types include xylem and phloem
vascular tissue system
